Who at least once visited the mountains, remembers them for life. This is such an incredible sight, which is just unrealistic to forget. Here, being at the height, you see what you really are a bug. Your soul and body are resting, here you can truly relax, feel cold mountain air, think about something high ...
What are the most popular mountains? Probably the very you are flying down on skis or snowboard. However, over time, you understand what you want to get rising and ask for a question - what is the biggest mountain in the world? It turns out that the answer is simple - this is Everest, which we have repeatedly told at school.
Jomolungma (8852 m)
Everest (or, as it is also called, Jomolungma), which is part of the huge mountain system of Himalayas and is located on the territory of Nepal and China, reaches a height of 8852 above sea level! To get to the top, travelers spend the weeks and months, and hitting there, resort to the help of an oxygen mask - if this is not done, you can stay on top forever, since the air is very much resolved there. For all the time, the peak could conquer only about 4,000 people, and each year it is trying to do about 500 volunteers, and that's not everyone will achieve success.
Everest has a very interesting climate. At the foot of the mountains grow tropical plants, while at the top of an incredible frost (up to -70 at night), and the wind speed reaches several hundred meters per second. Even if with such weather conditions you managed to get to the peak, long you do not hold there. First, a rarefied atmosphere, secondly, the frost, thirdly, it is necessary to go down to go down, while it is still light. By the way, it is not much easier to descend than to rise. Nevertheless, many travelers are absolutely not frightened.
Not so long ago, scientists have discovered mountains on Mars, whose height is as much as 21.2 kilometers, that is, it is two more times higher than Everest. Probably, climbers would gladly climb to her, but we still can't fly to the Red Planet yet, alas.
Chechri (8611 m)
Choir - the second highest mountain peak after Everest. For the first time, it was discovered by the researchers in 1856 and at that time it was decided to call K2 in honor of the second top of the Karakorum. However, after years, Mountain received its current name.
Interestingly, for the first time climbing Chochi tried the British at the beginning of the 20th century, but they did it. The first Mountains conquered the Italians in 1954.
For a long time it was believed that it was Chochi that the highest mountain on the planet, since many researchers argued that her height could reach 8900 meters. And only in 1987, full measurements were carried out, thanks to which it turned out that the true height of the Chochi is 8611 m.
It is technically very difficult to rise to Chochor, so only about 250 people took to the middle of the 2000s, and another 60 died during the climb. At the same time, successful attempts to rise exclusively in the warm years. Those who tried to conquer the mountain in the winter, killed invariably.
Kanchenjanga (8586 m)
Kanchenzhanga is a mountain range in the Himalayas and is located on the border of India and Nepal. The array consists of five vertices and all of them are incredibly high, but above all Kanchengang home.
When an array was opened, it is definitely unknown, however it was he who has long been considered the highest mountains until the mid-19th century. The first attempts to conquer the vertex began in 1905, when the expedition was managed by Alistair Crowley could only rise to a height of 6,200 meters. The next attempt took place in 1929, however, and it ended unsuccessfully. But the participants of the expedition running Charles Evans were finally able to reach a peak on May 25, 1955. Climbing took place on the side of the Yalung glacier.
Usually with the development of the technique mortality when climbing the mountain falls, but this does not concern Kanchenjangi. The fact is that the number of cases that end up tragically, only increases. Interestingly, almost all women who tried to conquer the mountain died. Local residents even have a legend - they say, the mountain kills all women who are trying to climb it, because of jealousy.
Lhotse (8516 m)
Lhotse is part of the Mahalangur-Himal mountain range, located on the border of China and Nepal. She has three vertices, the height of the main of which reaches 8516 m.
The first successful conquest of the vertex took place in 1956 - then it was possible to make participants in the Swiss expedition. In 1990, Russians under the leadership of A. Shevchenko were able to climb the mountain in the southern wall. At the moment, their record was not conquered, because it is incredibly difficult to get on Lhotse. One of the participants of that expedition says that this happened only due to the fact that the Soviet Union was able to bring together 17 magnificent professionals who could work well with each other.
The total number of data from the data in 2003 is about 240, and about 12 killed.
Makalu (8481 m)
Number five in our list of the highest mountains - macal or black Giant. This is a mountain range that is in the Himalayas. It has several vertices, the main of which reaches a height of 8481 m.
Like several other participants in our rating, the mountain is located on the border of China and Nepal, is 22 km from Jomolungma. According to historical data, Macaal is known to Europeans at least since the beginning of the 19th century, but the first attempts to conquer the vertex began to occur only in the middle of the 20th century. Why? The explanation of the simple - most specialists at that time wanted to conquer the highest mountains, who were Everest and Lhotse, and the rest were interested in much less. However, over time, this situation has changed in the root.
The first successful ascent to the main vertex was completely in 1955 - it was possible to make the French group led by Jean Franco. They rose to the mountain along the northern route. Later there were successful lifts and other routes. If we talk about the Slavs, the last on Makalu rose Ukrainians from the city of Sumy, the path of which took as many as two months.
Cho-Ohu (8188 m)
Another mountain peak in Himalayas, located on the border of Nepal and China - Cho-Oyu, the height of which reaches 8188 m. It refers to the Mahalangur Himal mountain range and is part of the Jomolungma mountain range.
Not far from Cho-Oyu is the passage of Nangpa La, covered with ice. Its height reaches 5716 m. It is through it a trading trail, in which residents of Nepal fall into Tibet. From the last side, to climb the mountain is very simple, but from the side of Nepal to do it incredibly difficult, as the travelers lumps the sheer wall.
The first successful ascent to the peak occurred in 1952.
Dhaulagiri (8167 m)
Continuing our list, it is impossible not to note the dhaulaagiri or a white mountain, as it is sometimes called it. Dhaulagiri is a mountain range in the Himalayas, in which there are many vertices, the highest of which is Dhaulaagiri I - its height reaches 8167 m.
The first ascent to the mountain occurred in the middle of the 20th century, but successful conquest occurred only in 1960, when the national team of the best European climbers decided to climb the top. This happened in May, and the first winter rise was improved by Japanese Akio Koizumi in 1982 together with Sherp Nima Wangchchu.
Manaslo (8156 m)
Completes our list of Manasla (Kutang), located in the Himalayas. Mountain enters the Mountain Array of Mansiri-Gimal, which is located in the north of Nepal. Manasl has three vertices: Home, Eastern and North. The first is the highest of them, its height reaches 8156 m.
The first successful ascent to the top was committed in 1956. The number of dead when climbing for all time was about 20 percent, which is very much, although you can't tell this photo.
Today, the mountain and the surrounding territories are part of the Manasla National Park, which was founded 15 years ago.
The so-called "genocide of Circassians" is a card that now at once they are trying to play in the North Caucasus
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The so-called "genocide of Circassians" is a card that in recent years immediately has been trying to play in the North Caucasus. To increase the situation in the restless region even more. The world community The resettlement of Circassians in the 50s-60s of the XIX century did not recognize the genocide. But the Georgian Parliament two years ago adopted a resolution on the recognition of the Circassian Genocide of the Russian Empire during the Caucasian War. In this extremely ambiguous topic, we tried to deal with the candidate of historical sciences, the Senior Researcher of the Caucasian Research Center MGIMO Vadim Mushavan. Hiking Peter the Great - Vadim Mikhailovich, whenever the Caucasus discussion arises on the Internet, somewhere between strong insignificant expressions and reasoning about the difference of cultures there are numerous voices: why did Russia come to the Caucasus once? Empire just wanted to dive new territories under itself? Or did the struggle for local resources? When and why? - The beginning of an active Russian policy in the Caucasus is associated with the name of the first Russian emperor Peter the Great. After the victorious Northern War, he organized the Persian or Caspian campaign of 1722-23. Russian troops were taken under control of the Caspian coast - this is the territory of modern Dagestan and Azerbaijan. In addition, contacts were established with Georgian regulars and Armenian to know. Many North Caucasian ruled ruled by Peter's keys, political, economic relations were tied. But with the weak successors of Peter in the first half of the XVIII century, these conquests were lost, as Russia left the Transcaucasia. Then, with Catherine, two very successful Russian-Turkish wars were held, where Peter Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov shone. A manifesto on the accession of Crimea and Kuban was signed, as well as the George Treatise of 1783, according to which the Russian patronage of the Katil-Kakhetian kingdom was recorded. It was a serious promotion in the Caucasus ... - First of all, it is necessary to talk about solving the security issue of southern territories. After all, the military threat existed not only on the part of the Ottoman Empire, that is, the current Turkey, the strongly strong Crimean Khanate, but also from the individual North Caucasian dominors who regularly committed raids. At the then south of Russia after the Russian-Turkish wars, Novorossia appeared, a large number of Christian population. They needed a line of protection against the raids of Caucasian peoples, which were in a certain power triangle: on the one hand, Russia, the Northern Power, on the other - the Ottoman Empire, with the third - Persian Power. Already under Alexander the first there were two more wars: Russian-Turkish and Russian-Iranian. In the 20s of the 1920s, the 19th century, Russia was closely engaged in the eastern issue, and as a result of the two next wars in the Andrianopol and Turkmanchay treaties by the end of the first third of the nineteenth century, almost all of the Transcaucasia were under the control of Russia. There were garrisons on the territory of modern Georgia and Armenia. In addition, Russian government was introduced in many Muslim khanaters of Transcaucasia, partly is the territory of the current Azerbaijan. But it did not concern the North Caucasus, where the situation was close to uncontrolled. Those. The problem of communications was acute: how Russian troops will get to the Transcaucasia, if you need to help the Transcaucasian rulers defend themselves from the attacks of the Terrible neighbors. Highlanders in the Russian service - And at the same time, most of these territories are mountains, where the army units could not move at speeds. - Yes, the mountainous area was traditional for the North Caucasus. In the 1795th there was a ruin raid of Persian Shaha Aga Mohammed. He ruined several cloaks, including Tiflis. If you remember, Pushkin, after a trip to the Caucasus, wrote: "I met a lame woman in Tiflis." Yeah-Muhammed ordered in memory of the ruin of the city to cut the tendons to everyone undesigned to women ... And the Russian command did not have time from the Caucasian line on time to bring military units, to come to the aid of our uninterests, Georgians. After that, they started to build a military Georgian road hard ... But in general, this was the situation in the Transcaucasus. Many Transcaucasian regulators were interested in the arrival of Russian troops who became a certain guarantor of stability and security. Russia needed an energetic and decisive warlord there. And Alexander first appointed responsible for the region of the well-known and popular general of General Alexei Petrovich Yermolov, who entered the story as "Proconsul of the Caucasus". Classical Soviet dating of the Caucasian War is 1817-1864. Initially, spoken North Caucasian ruled and society acted against Russian troops. Some operations were carried out, but, according to many historians, this is not a large-scale war. But soon, mountain societies opposed Russia a consolidated front - North Caucasian Highlanders united the Imams of Chechnya and Dagestan, which created the so-called North Caucasian Imamat. Imam was three, but for most the most famous imam Shamil. All power is secular, military, civilian - was concentrated in his hands. - Yes, and her end of the war is associated with the name of Prince Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky, who arrived at the North Caucasus in 1856. He refused to have low-essential rectilinear campaigns in the row of the town territory and began to promote Russian fortified lines step by step. They were not simply moved forward, internal management immediately established in these territories. Highlanders attracted to the Russian service. The classics of Adyg's literature, who are home to modern Circassians - Shores of the legs and Khan-Gire - also consisted in the Russian service. Han Garya generally reached the colonel ... But the key moment in the war - 1859, when, after the siege of the high mountain village, Gunib was captive by Imam Shamil. After that, the war in the Northeast Caucasus ended. Only one Theater of Military Action remained in the region - North-West: this is the territory of the modern Krasnodar Territory and Adygea. Circassians finally capitulated only five years old.
The so-called "genocide of Circassians" is a card that in recent years immediately has been trying to play in the North Caucasus. To increase the situation in the restless region even more. The world community The resettlement of Circassians in the 50s-60s of the XIX century did not recognize the genocide. But the Georgian Parliament two years ago adopted a resolution on the recognition of the Circassian Genocide of the Russian Empire during the Caucasian War. In this extremely ambiguous topic, we tried to deal with the candidate of historical sciences, the Senior Researcher of the Caucasian Research Center MGIMO Vadim Mushavan.
Hiking Peter the Great
Vadim Mikhailovich, whenever the Caucasus discussion arises on the Internet, somewhere between strong insignificant expressions and reasoning about the difference of cultures there are numerous voices: why did Russia come to the Caucasus once? Empire just wanted to dive new territories under itself? Or did the struggle for local resources? When and why?
The beginning of the active Russian policy in the Caucasus is associated with the name of the first Russian emperor Peter the Great. After the victorious Northern War, he organized the Persian or Caspian campaign of 1722-23. Russian troops were taken under control of the Caspian coast - this is the territory of modern Dagestan and Azerbaijan. In addition, contacts were established with Georgian regulars and Armenian to know. Many North Caucasian ruled ruled by Peter's keys, political, economic relations were tied. But with the weak successors of Peter in the first half of the XVIII century, these conquests were lost, as Russia left the Transcaucasus. Then, with Catherine, two very successful Russian-Turkish wars were held, where Peter Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov shone. A manifesto on the accession of Crimea and Kuban was signed, as well as the George Treatise of 1783, according to which the Russian patronage of the Katil-Kakhetian kingdom was recorded. It was a serious promotion in the Caucasus ...
- And yet, the motives of these trips are the seizure of new territories, new trade routes?
First of all, it is necessary to talk about solving the security issue of southern territories. After all, the military threat existed not only on the part of the Ottoman Empire, that is, the current Turkey, the strongly strong Crimean Khanate, but also from the individual North Caucasian dominors who regularly committed raids. At the then south of Russia after the Russian-Turkish wars, Novorossia appeared, a large number of Christian population. They needed a line of protection against the raids of Caucasian peoples, which were in a certain power triangle: on the one hand, Russia, the Northern Power, on the other - the Ottoman Empire, with the third - Persian Power.
Already under Alexander the first there were two more wars: Russian-Turkish and Russian-Iranian. In the 20s of the 1920s, the 19th century, Russia was closely engaged in the eastern issue, and as a result of the two next wars in the Andrianopol and Turkmanchay treaties by the end of the first third of the nineteenth century, almost all of the Transcaucasia were under the control of Russia. There were garrisons on the territory of modern Georgia and Armenia. In addition, Russian government was introduced in many Muslim khanaters of Transcaucasia, partly is the territory of the current Azerbaijan. But it did not concern the North Caucasus, where the situation was close to uncontrolled. Those. The problem of communications was acute: how Russian troops will get to the Transcaucasia, if you need to help the Transcaucasian rulers defend themselves from the attacks of the Terrible neighbors.
Highlanders in the Russian service
And at the same time most of these territories are mountains, where the army units could not move at speeds at speeds.
Yes, the mountainous area was traditional for the North Caucasus. In the 1795th there was a ruin raid of Persian Shaha Aga Mohammed. He ruined several cloaks, including Tiflis. If you remember, Pushkin, after a trip to the Caucasus, wrote: "I met a lame woman in Tiflis." Yeah-Muhammed ordered in memory of the ruin of the city to cut the tendons to everyone undesigned to women ... And the Russian command did not have time from the Caucasian line on time to bring military units, to come to the aid of our uninterests, Georgians. After that, they started to build a military Georgian road hard ... But in general, this was the situation in the Transcaucasus. Many Transcaucasian regulators were interested in the arrival of Russian troops who became a certain guarantor of stability and security. Russia needed an energetic and decisive warlord there. And Alexander first appointed responsible for the region of the well-known and popular general of General Alexei Petrovich Yermolov, who entered the story as "Proconsul of the Caucasus".
Classical Soviet dating of the Caucasian War is 1817-1864. Initially, spoken North Caucasian ruled and society acted against Russian troops. Some operations were carried out, but, according to many historians, this is not a large-scale war. But soon, mountain societies opposed Russia a consolidated front - North Caucasian Highlanders united the Imams of Chechnya and Dagestan, which created the so-called North Caucasian Imamat. Imam was three, but for most the most famous imam Shamil. All power is secular, military, civilian - was concentrated in his hands.
- This war has been dragged out at least the mid-60s of the XIX century ...
Yes, and her end of the war is associated with the name of Prince Alexander Ivanovich Bar, who arrived at the North Caucasus in 1856. He refused to have low-essential rectilinear campaigns in the row of the town territory and began to promote Russian fortified lines step by step. They were not simply moved forward, internal management immediately established in these territories. Highlanders attracted to the Russian service. The classics of Adyg's literature, who are home to modern Circassians - Shores of the legs and Khan-Gire - also consisted in the Russian service. Han-Girey at all reached the colonel ...
But the key moment in the war - 1859, when, after the siege of the high mountain village, Gunib was captive by Imam Shamil. After that, the war in the Northeast Caucasus ended. Only one Theater of Military Action remained in the region - North-West: this is the territory of the modern Krasnodar Territory and Adygea. Circassians finally capitulated only five years old.
Halmillion Emigrants
In recent years of war and after it, a total of about half a million Circassians moved to Turkey. These figures are voiced by many historians.
It was the process of so-called Muggyness, from the word "Muhadzhir" - a migranet for faith. I must say, this phenomenon has become massive in the North-West Caucasus. Because on the other side of the sea was a single Turkey. The mountaineers of the North-Eastern Caucasus did not have such a dense contact with the Ottoman Empire, like Circassians.
The Circassian world was focused on Turkey, many families have come across the Turks. In any case, Circassians had a choice: the Russian administration offered them the territory under resettlement. Talking that the Russian Empire in the Caucasus was engaged only in what squeezed the Circassians did not correspond to reality.
Note that it is often a solution for simple Circassians took elders and know. If Aul decides to go to Turkey, where are you going? In addition, there was a large number of Turkish agitators. You should not forget that the Ottoman Empire at that moment was already a crucial power, was under the strong economic and political influence of the Western powers. Bunty was torn by her, the power of Sultan periodically slept. There was a serious demographic crisis, after all. Therefore, Sultan was interested in the facts from the Caucasus moved to certain territories.
Pre-revolutionary historians and subsequent generations of experts and scientists suggest that this is a figure in half a million people who went first to the coast, and then on ships and shiphoshki - to Turkey.
From this, the tragedy began, otherwise these events simply can not be called. First, they went to the coast of large masses, if you want, flow. Secondly, both empires were not ready for such a large-scale resettlement. Plus, in Third, many Turkish shipowners tried to progress to the coast of their ships and boats to the coast. Circassians themselves did not float historically in the seas, they did not have their vessels. Turks drove to ships twice as usual than usual, and overloaded vessels were simply tone ... and in what conditions there were immigrants in the Turkish shore? There are a lot of evidence speaking about what they died hundreds from hunger and diseases. Sometimes the only way out to save their relatives became their sale by the Turks (especially girls and boys). That is the authentic tragedy of the situation when Circassians rushed into the "hospitable" Turkey, and they found death on bare stones there.
Therefore, I do not consider it correct to evaluate these tragic events as genocide by Russia, where the task of total destruction of Caucasian nationalities has never been discussed at the highest level.
Now life itself confirms ... Even the names of the several members of Russia, the republics say that the Circassians and the peoples of the Adyg Group are living there: Karachay-Cherkesia, Kabardino -Balkaria, the Republic of Adygea.
About the Caucasus often say: "Eternally rebellious." That is, is it an endless process from the most time, how did Russia come to this region?
Not. After the end of the Caucasian War in the 60s of the XIX century, there were no hostilities and similar events in the North Caucasus. And before the events of 1917, when the Russian Empire collapsed, the Caucasus was a full and integral part of the country. Yes, there were uprisings. Unquestioned. But they periodically occurred in different parts of the empire. To protrude that the Caucasus has always been an unstable region - it is rather political speculation and an attempt to manipulate public consciousness. I would like to emphasize that when the Caucasus was integrated into the Russian empire in the second half of the XIX century, did not have to talk about his separate position.
It is better to say about the other: the Caucasus has always been a kind of lactium paper for the country. When the central power of Russia weaker, it was, first of all, felt on the outskirts. Including in the Caucasus ...
The word "high" among different people causes various associations. For some, the nine-story house already seems high. Others calmly live in some skyscraper in which more than a hundred floors. But it's all the little things compared to 8 thousand meters with a "tail" above sea level. And such heights are found on our planet. These are the world's world. In total, they are 14. Their height exceeds an eight-thousandth mark. And all these peaks are located in the Himalayas and in Karakorum, on the territory of such countries as Nepal, China, and the controversial area of \u200b\u200bKashmir.
And the dream of many professional climbers is to achieve each of these vertices. And the people began to "fight" with them for a long time, but only in the last century it was possible to conquer all these peaks. Annapurna Mountain is the first "eight-thousandth", which succumbed to the two French L. Lashashahu and M. Erzogu. And it happened in 1950. And today 22 people have already conquered all the most in the world. And the last 20 climbers "climbed" on these vertices after the mid-90s. And before that there were only two recordsman. This climber from Italy who spent 16 years (1970-1986) to achieve his record. The second conqueror was the Polish rock climbing cuckoo. But the Pole spent only 8 years (from 1979 P1987) on all 14 peaks and his record still no one can "beat". And the first climber from the CIS, who conquered all the highest mountains, became Kazakh. He did it in 2000-2009 and during his ascents he never used oxygen.
And the highest and desired Mountain for climbers is, undoubtedly Everest. The indigenous inhabitants of Tibet call this mountain in their own way - Jomolungma, and the Nepalese refer to her Sagarmatha. But people still failed to determine the exact height of this peak. And now this height is between 8844 and 8852 meters. The first attempts to conquer Everest were taken back in 1921, but they all ended in failure. The highest mountains of the world did not really want to subjugate to a person. And over 50 years more than two hundred people died on the slopes of this mountain. The reason for their death was cold, exhaustion and accidents. And only in 1953, the New Zealand climber reached the top of Peak Everest.
Choir, Daspang, K2, year-Osten is all the names of one vertex, which in the category the highest mountains of the world goes under the second number. The height of this vertex is 8611 meters, and it is located in Kashmir. This peak is part of the Mountain Massif Karakorum, which is located west of the Himalayas. And for the first time Chochi conquered the Italians Akille Companioni and Lyno Laccelli in 1954.
There is still a mountain range in the Himalayas located between India and Nepal. It consists of five peaks and the highest of them (8586 meters) is the peak of Kanchenjang. And this Mountain ranks third in the world ranking of the vertices. Yes, and besides her, three more tops from this array have a height that exceeds an eight-thousandth mark. And the fifth, the "smallest" mountain does not reach only 8 meters to the "cherished" eight thousand. And until the mid-19th century, Kanchenzhangu considered the highest on the planet. But then after more accurate calculations, she ranked third. And for the first time, this mountain was conquered by the British Joe Brown and George Bandon in 1955.
There are also mountains and other parts of the world. This, of course, is not the highest mountains in the world, but in their regions they occupy the first places in height. So in the South American Andes the highest vertex is (6962 meters). And in North America, such a vertex is Mac-Kinley Mount (6194 meters). In Africa, the championship belongs, of course, Kilimanjaro, a height of 5895 meters. Well, in Russia the highest vertex is Elbrus. It rises 6642 meters above sea level and is also considered to be the highest peak of Europe. And each climber rising to Elbrus sees in front of the endless spaces of ice and snow. They say it is an unforgettable spectacle.
On our planet, only 14 mountain peaks have a height of more than 8,000 meters. Most of the vertices are located in Himalayas and is known to everyone called the "Roof of the World". Conquerors and climbers from all over the Earth consider their duty to climb at least one of the points, however, such ascents are accompanied by a variety of dangers. Until the middle of the 20th century it was believed that the eight-thousandnesses could not be conquered, but there were already many bravemen who proved the opposite. We offer you the top 10 highest mountains of the world, the rating is presented in ascending order.
10. Annapurna (8091 m)
Located on the territory of Nepal, it is part of the same mining massif. The name is translated from Nepalese as the "Goddess of Fertility". The top of the first of all the Himalayan ridges was submitted to a person back in 1950, the height won two French climbers. Annapurna consists, in fact, from nine peaks, one of which (Machapuar) attempts to climb still not taken. Local residents are confident that Shiva God lives on top, so it's not worth disturbing him. For Annapurna, the glory of an extremely dangerous mountain was entrenched, at which death expects every third brave (the amount of lethal outcomes on the path to the top was recorded at 32%). An interesting fact: after the earthquake of 2015, Annapurn became above another 20 cm.
The North American relief can be conditionally divided into several types: in the central and northern part you can admire the delicious plains, ...
9. Nanga Parbat (8125 m)
The killer mountain is located on the ninth place of our list. The peak is located on the Kashmir territory controlled Pakistan, between the two major rivers - Ind and Astor, in the north-western part of the Himalayas. The name is translated from Sanskrit as "Mount of Gods" and enters the top three of the most dangerous to climb eight-thousandnes. The first mention of the top in geographical maps refers to the 19th century, but the conquest of Nanga Parbat occurred only in 1953, although attempts to ascend to peak were taken from 1895 to 1950. Even the future first valve for Everest tried to climb the mountain, but the top of the Tencintu is never succeeded. According to reliable information, Nanga Parbat caused the death of more than 64 climbers, in addition, at the foot of the Mountain of the Militants of the Taliban grouping, another 10 more people were killed.
8. Manaslo (8156 m)
On Sanskrit, the name is translated as "Mount of Spirits". Manaslu is also on Nepalese Earth, and is part of an array called Mansiri-Himal. Geographers allocate three vertices of the ridge - central, northern and eastern. Climbing on Manasla was held in several stages and took a long period of preparation. In 1950, the mountain reconnaissance was made, after which the climbers from Asia tried to the top almost annually, overcoming the height of 5275 meters, then 7750 meters. Conquest took place in 1956 by a group of Japanese researchers. Today, more than 10 tourist routes are laid on the slopes of Manasle, and the Mount travelers attracts like a magnet, despite the sad statistics - for 60 years, 53 people died here.
7. Dhulagiri (8167 m)
Incredibly beautiful Dhulagiri thanks to the abundance of snow and glaciers translated from Sanskrit as "White Mountain". The vertex is located in the same name of the Himalayan array belonging to the Nepalese side. On two sides, Dhulagiri flows two water artery - Kali-Gandaki and Mayangdi rivers. In total, the peak consists of eleven peaks, a height of 7193 to 8167 m, the last of which was submitted by climbing only in 1975. To climb the central peak, a group of climbers - citizens of several European countries were collected. For the delivery of people to the mountain for the first time, a light engine aircraft was used. On May 13, 1960, the height was nevertheless conquered the skill, after which, the path laid by them became a classic route. In total, about 60 people died in Dhulagiri.
6. Cho-Ohu (8201 m)
Also located in the Himalayas, it is considered sixth in height of the eight thousand. There is a vertex on the border between the two states - China and Nepal and geographically refers to the Mahalangur Himal Range, to the Jomolungma Mountainside. Not far from the peak, Ice Pass Nangpa La, through which the trading trail is laid, connecting Tibet and Nepal. Many climbers consider choaring the easiest to climb among all ridges exceeding 8 thousand m. The rise in peaks are made from the Tibetan side, as the Nepalese wall, located south, is almost impregnable. Mountain is included in the National Park of Nepal - Sagarmatha. Today, 15 routes are laid at the top, including on the first path, in 1954, two Austrians at the company with a local gift of Lama were climbed into Cho-Ohu.
5. Makalu (8485 m)
Mountains are not in vain called one of the most grand creatures of nature, they have been fascinated and admired the person. This is not surprising, high ...
The second name of the eight-tier, which is located between China and Nepal, is the "black giant". Makalu is the closest neighbor of Everest, both peaks are located apart from each other at a distance of just 19 km. More than a hundred years of attempts to climb to Makal, and only in 1955 two Frenchmen decided. The mountain is considered extremely difficult for climbing due to the steepness of the slopes and very sheer rocks, to overcome which can only the most experienced climbers. The percentage of those who reached the peak - about 30, the rest of Makaloo never submitted. From the middle of the last century, 17 routes were laid at the height, for which expeditions were raised from America, France, Japan, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Russia, Ukraine, Italy and Kazakhstan. In just more than half a century on the slopes of Makal, they found their last refuge of 26 people.
4. Lhotse (8585 m)
The mountain is located in the Tibetan Autonomous Region, is part of the Mahalangur-Himal mountain range and is part of the National Reserve. Lhotse is three kilometers from Everest and is separated from him by a seven thousand pass, known as the southern saddle. The shape of the vertex is unique in its kind and is a pyramid with three faces. The climbers distinguish between the three peaks constituting Lhotse - the main, medium and ball, while all three have a height of more than 8000 meters. The average Lhotse was listed in the Guinness Book of Records Again, the top-eight-year-old vertex before 2001. For the first time, climbing at the main Lhotz was carried out on the western slope in 1956 by climbers from Switzerland, after 14 years, the northeast comb was investigated.
3. Kanchenjanga (8585 m)
Located in the mountain range of the same name, on the territory of the National Park with the same name and closes the top three leaders of eight-thousandths. The top is on the border between India and Nepal and includes 5 peaks, 4 of which above 8000 m. Kanchenzhanga is translated as "five treasures of great snow", and is considered the "muse" of the great Russian artist and the philosopher Nikolai Roerich, who challenged the top in his Pictures. Until the middle of the 19th century, scientists considered the Kanchengang Mount High in the World, but a little later, the first place was given to Everest. The first time the peak was submitted to people in 1955, when an expedition under the leadership of two Britons rose on the peak. Today, climbers have developed 11 routes, in which groups from Germany, England, Japan, Poland, India, and the Soviet Union visited. In the entire history of conquering Kanchengang, 40 people died here.
South America for us is something unattainable and exotic. A lot of literary works are written about these places, a huge number is removed ...
2. Chechri (8614 m)
From Westernity Language The name of the mountain is translated as "high". The peak is extremely picturesque, located on the border of China and Pakistan and is considered the most complicated vertex for climbing. Chochi was opened as a result of the expedition of 1856 and among the climbers are known as "K-2". The first time to conquer Chochori tried two skill from England, but they did not reach the tops. In the same year, the Italian group made an intention, and a man's foot was held on K-2 for the first time. In total, 249 climbers visited Chochi, of which 60 were killed.
1. Everest or Jomolungma (8848 m)
There are few people who do not know what the highest mountain in the world. The undisputed leadership belongs to the Great and terrible Everest, the name of which is translated as "Divine Mother of Life Energy." Located on the territory of Nepal, peak refers to the Mahapangur Himal mountain range and is divided into southern and northern. The beauty of Jomolungma go legends, and its form is almost perfect and is a three-headed pyramid. For the first time Everest conquered a person in 1953, and since then, more than 200 people have found their last refinement on his slopes. To climb the mountain, you need at least two months and about 10 thousand dollars. The biggest problem facing climbers - low night temperatures - up to - 60 and a constant lack of oxygen.
Hands in feet. Subscribe to our groupLocated on the banks of the robes near Moscow Rusta village with the name Menshimovo, it was known since the XVI century. The first mention of it is found in the sentiment of the century. To whom it originally belonged to unknown. Perhaps Mentsho and located nearby village, and then the village of Akulinino belonged to one owner, so the history of the second settlement, known since 1537, will be affected in this article. This year, the Akulininskaya village in Rostunovsky Mill, together with the "Pochinki," was transferred to Borovsky Vasily Artemyevich Ushakov Trinity-Sergiyev Monastery.
The following mention of this village is found in the tubing books of the Borovsky district of 1627-1629. It has the next entry: "Rostunovsky Mill village that was a waste of aculinin, on a river in a population, for the seed of the Semenov Son Panin, according to sovereign 133 (1625- M.N.) of the year, signed by Deca Tretyaka Korsakov, an old father of his father Semenova purchased the patrimony that his father bought it from Ivan the steps. " Apparently at the beginning of the XVII century, Akulinino launched and became a waste, turning into possession of Stupishin to Ivan, and then to Seed Panin. From the wrist books it follows that at the time of their compilation, there were four courtyards in the village: one marker, one clerk and two courtyards of business people (five tenants). Semen Semenovich Panin is specified in the Boyar lists of 1606-1607 servants in Kozelsk, where he was given to the estate or in the winch of 400 counties of land.
In 1646, Akulinino was mentioned as Selo, in which one courtyard of the peasant and two courtyards of the Bobylsky. In total, nine people lived in this settlement for that year.
In 1678, this villagers already belonged to Semen Timofeevich Kondrev. The condescene race originated from Mark Demidovich, who left Lithuania to Tver. His great-grandfather Ivan Yakovlevich received a nickname Kondyr, and all his descendants became referred to as Kondrev. Members of this kind did not differ in wealth and related to the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. Their rise to high ranks began at the same time at the same time, and the takeoff at the top of the career staircase occurred under his sons of the kings Fyodor and Peter Alekseevich. Two brothers Seeds Kondirez - Peter and Ivan by the end of the XVII century were delivered to the boyars. In 1652, Semen Timofeevich served as a governor in Perm. By 1677, he was already in the rank of a twin nobleman, and in 1678 she became a roundabout. From 1680 to 1682, Semyon Kondirev served as a governor in Solikamsk, his last place of service was Voivodeship in Cherdyni.
In 1678, there were ten yards of peasants and beasmen and one yard "Zadvornya" in Akulinino. Kondirev's son Efim Semenovich built a wooden church in this village in this village in the name of Archangel Mikhail, as well as the yards of the priest, Dyachka, shelter and wiring, allocated 20 tits of Pashni and the Bescas. This year at the newly formed parish, in which, in addition to the courtyards of the sacred and christmaspers, were one courtyard of the peasant, five yards of business people, three courtyards of Konyukhov, church authorities were imposed tribute in the amount of "one ruble five money, hryvnna arrival". After the death of his master, the village passed to his sister His Irina, and then to the brothers of the princes of Obolensky Mikhail and Vasily Matveyevich.
The princes of Obolensky has deep historical roots. The grandson of Prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky, Prince Konstantin Yuryevich received the city of Obolensk and became the prince of the Prince of Obolensky. Until the middle of the XVI century, Princes Obolensky were among the most influential people at the court of the Grand Princes and the kings of Moscow. But then they moved to the shadow and did not occupy important state posts before the reign of Peter the Great. Prince Mikhail Matveyevich Obolensky in 1706 was a household stolnik and by 1721 he retired to the governor of the Arzamas province. His brother Prince Vasily Matveyevich in the early 18th century consisted of "primary people", but died in his youth in 1707.
Both brothers owned several patrimony in different areas of the Russian kingdom. Among the possessions of Prince Mikhail located in Dmitrovsky, Galitsky, Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas counties, and a fault in the Moscow district - a quarter of the village Alekseevsky, Dolmatovo, "Paul Three Yard", as well as in the Borovsky district - Half of the village of Akulinino, "Paul Sest " Total owned by Mikhail Obolensky was 272 yard. His brother belonged to the defenders in Galitsky, Arzamas, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Dmitrov district. In the Moscow district, he owned half the village of Alekseevsky, Dolmatovo identity, two courtyards, and in the Borovsky district in the village of Arkhangelsky, Akulinino, the "floor of the chole". Prince Vasily Matveevich Obolensky was the owner of 325 yards.
In the correspondence books of the Borovsky district of 1705, it was recorded: "For the plates of the princes Mikhail and Vasily, the Matvera children of Obolenskaya village Aculinino, in the village of Mikhail Arkhangel, in the church in the courtyard pop Ivan Konstantinov, with children Peter and Ivan, and in the village of 15 yards of peasant in the village They are 69 people. " In 1739, at the Aculinine Church, there was a priest of Yakov Ivanov.
In the same 1739, Prince Mikhail Obolensky divided his victobs between the sons Ivan and Alexander. Prince Ivan Mikhailovich got her left in the Dmitrovsky and Orlovsk counties, and the prince Alexander Mikhailovich in Moscow and Borovsky counties.
In the middle of the XVIII century, the village of Akulinino had several hosts from among the princely kind of Obolensky. The village was divided between the son of Prince Mikhail Matveyevich - Alexander, and his uncle - Prince Matvey Matveyevich Obolensky. The last in 1743 built, next to the village on the hillock, a single-pier stone church, a one-story equilateral cross. Its dimensions were small: 17 meters in length, 8.5 width and 27.7 m in height. Smooth outer walls were decorated with stone in the form of pancake belts, short-circuited, windows were burned with iron rods. A stained iron roof with a median roof wedgered a deaf lantern with an eight-pointed iron cross with a princely crown at the top. Inside the church, three doors were trimmed with iron. The altar with two windows was separated from the middle temple with a stone wall. The saline was laid out of the stone and towering over the floor one step. Closses arranged by a shield were adjacent to the walls of the church. Bells were placed on wooden pillars.
About another owner of Akulinina - Prince Alexandra Mikhailovic Obolensky (1712-1767) It is known only that he has served to the modest army rank of Prime Minister, and was married twice: the first marriage on Anna Alekseevna Naryshkin; Second on Anne Mikhailovna Miloslavskaya (1717-1794). From the second marriage he had a son Peter.
When conducting 4 revisions of 1787, the village "Arkhangelskoye, Akulinino Tezh," belonged to the son of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich - the surviving adviser to Prince Peter Alexandrovich Obolensky (1742-1822). For that year, he himself lived in Moscow, and 94 male souls lived in his village. Perhaps at that time, Albscho also belonged to him. In 1804, the P. A. Obolensky, P. A. Obolensky, in the Aculinine Church, made a new four-tier iconostasis with a threader on a red field, led its old icons in order, adding them new. All it was painted with "prayer", covered with varnish and gilded.
Prince Peter Alexandrovich Obolensky was married to Princess Ekaterina Andreevna Vyazemsky (1741-1811). Through it, he had a relative known poem and the author of the memories - the prince Peter Andreevich Vyazemsky. In young years, Prince Peter Vyazemsky often visited Obolensky. In 1795, the eldest son of Peter Alexandrovich - Andrei, married the daughter of a rich neighbor in the near Moscow estate, the owner of the estate of Trinity-Ordinians Andrei Yakovlevich Maslova - Marfe. Obviously in the dowry for his wife, he received the estate with the village of Trinity. The next year Martha Andreevna, Rouching Daughter, died, and Prince Andrei Petrovich became inherited by her rich near Moscow estate, Moscow House, another immovable estate, as well as up to four thousand fortress shower. The young widower was raised in respect for his parents, and his entire numerous family led by his parents began to use his unfortunate first wife. Peter Alexandrovich, with the whole family, moved from his estate aculinino to the manor of the Son - Trinity-Ordinians. There was a future poet and friend Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - Peter Andreevich Vyumpy and came to his youth years.
In a few decades, Vyazemsky's prenamest prince with nostalgia for youth years recalled in his essay the "Moscow family of old life" about Peter Alexandrovich and his numerous and friendly family. Memories of the host of a large estate, which included the village of Akulinino and Selo Menshov, are worth bringing them literally.
"Prince Peter Aleksandrovich Obolensky Ancestors of the Multicolate Weekness of Obolensky was at one time a big original. For the past 20-30 years, he lived in Moscow almost hopeless detour. From the strangers he did not see anyone and did not know. He was engaged in reading Russian books and turning skills. He probably was quite indifferent to everything and all, but treated his habits. His day was strictly and in the criterion of stiff; There was no excellent possessions and sites here: everything had its own definite place, his face, his time and the measure of her. Of course, he early and in the appointed watch lay, got up and dined; There is always one dinner, although his family was crowded at home. An old man was clean, fresh, tidy, even sickly; But his dress, of course, did not change in fashion, and always held one and them adapted to himself. All home or indoor supplies differed with elegance. English comfort was not even then moved to our language and in our morals and customs; But he guessed him and introduced him, that is, his comfort, not following either fashion nor innovations. In the fall, even in the year there are quite elderly, he traveled with six sons on his pith hunting. No matter how he died, or at least, no matter how evassed society, but was not unhwerly, harsh and elderly obese. On the contrary, often a kind and slight smile illuminated and brought his infant-old face. He sometimes loved, and listen and release jokes, or fun speeches, which in French are called Gaudrioles, and we do not know how to call it a good and which we usually have a special charm for old people and fastenless chaste in the nebakh and in living - Afterbill: Everyone is always something, so or a symbol, and slightly lures us to our shoes. Prince Obolensky with loneliness or a special feature is not painful, but he loved him to be all the adults - they went to him alternately, but not long. If they somehow come together and be enhanced, he, friendly and simply smiling, said to them: lovely guests, do not delay you? Then the room was cleared to a new visit. As a child, my, I was always pleased when he allowed me to his elegant and light celia: I unconsciously guessed that he lives not as others, but in his own way. "
Married Prince P. And Obolensky was on the princess Vyazemsky, the sister of Prince Ivan Andreevich. In the continuation of the marriage cohabitation, they had twenty children. Ten of them died at different times, and ten survived their parents. Despite the commission of his twenty women's female, the princess was in old age, and to the end of his bodra and strong, height high, kept himself straight, and I do not remember that she would be sick. Such are the windows in us. The soil was not exhausted and did not attend from fruit vegetation. Without any preparatory education, she was a clear, positive and solid mind. Her character was the same. In the family and in the farm, the princess was a prince and a householder, but without the slightest claim for this dominion. It itself has happened to the overall benefit, to the general pleasure, from a natural and unfavorable agreement. She was not only the boss of his family, but also by his connection, focus, soul, love. It had moral rules, native and deeply fallen. In one of the arrival in Moscow, Emperor Alexander, he drew special attention to the beauty of one of her daughters, Princess Natalia. Sovereign, with an ordinary courtesy and attentive to the beautiful floor, distinguished her: I spoke to her in the noble meeting and in private houses, more than once on the balas passed with her alone. Of course, Moscow did not miss this past the eyes and sense of their own. Once, the homework talked about the princess and mother and jokingly did different assumptions .-- "Formerly I will blow it with my own hands," said the Roman Matron, who had no idea about Rome. There is nothing to say that the royal fiberism and all comic predictions did not leave any trace.
This family was special, so to speak, the world of Obolensky. Even in the then patriarchal Moscow, rich in multi-semen and especially multi-Russia composition, it was different from others some complacent, light and sharp imprint. The face was six sons and four daughters. There was a time that all the brothers, not yet old, were retired. It was also a kind of feature in our seruners. Some of them, already in the reign of Alexander, fled more, on large holidays, in the military uniforms of Ekaterininian time: there were special cut, multicolored, red camoles with golden pants and, I remember, yellow pants. All of them lived with her mother and the mother. The weekly dining table was already a decent size, and the festive grown twice and three times. Especially in the summer and autumn months, in the Moscow region, this family life took extraordinary sizes and character. In addition to the family in full, they arrived there and other relatives. Small house, small rooms had some elastic properties: the reproduction of breads, premises, beds, and for the lack of their reproduction of sofas, reproduction for the arrives of the harm and feed for horses, all this is some kind of miracle, according to the word of the hostess, was committed in this Old Testament side. And the owners were not at all people. I remember that in the adolescence of my, according to the princess, always took me on the night of the bed - not a bed, the sofa is not a sofa, but something is narrow and rather short, which she called, I don't know why the boat. Where is this boat? Is she alive? What happened to her? As I would like to see her, and although even more and more frequently than during it, to stick in it. I remember her with heart-minded. I am sure that I would find in it and now the former and carefree sleep, with bright dreams and joyful awakening. But a lot has flowed from that time of water, bright and transparent, muddy and excited; With her, no doubt, my boat and the boat was crashed into the dobessi. In any case, we are Russians - not antiquarian and innovations in relation to family furniture, utensils, portrait of ancestors. We are accustomed to and love to heal from the current current day. "
From the same essay, it is known that the old prince in the autumn months, along with sons and numerous guests hung up with dogs on the hares. Peter Vyazemsky recalled: "Hunting and all accessories of her were well and richly arranged. In the intervals when hunting behind the hares, hunting was worn hard and cards; Not in the form of a win, because everyone was their own, and that the game was small. Everyone was playing: fathers and children, husbands and wives, old and small. At lunch, they were commonly eaten, in different kinds and preparations, all the hares, shot on the day before. " It is possible that, chasing the poor hares in the surrounding fields, hunters together with the owners of the estate, drove into the village of Akulinino and Selo Menshimovo, where in half-thousand Merzic homes, they rested from the noise of shots and mad horse racing.
Peter Alexandrovich had a numerous family. These are sons: Andrey (1769-1852), Ivan (1770-1855), Nikolai (1775-1820), Vasily (1780-1834), Alexander (1780-1855), Sergey; and daughters: Maria (1771-1852), married to D.S. Dobhturov, Varvara (1774-1843), married to Prince A.F. Shcherbatov, Elizabeth (1778-1837), Natalia, married to V.M. Mikhailov.
Last lifetime, Prince Peter Alexandrovich shared his estates between the children. Andrei's eldest son got the village of Akulinino, the second son of Ivan the village of Meshov was moved.
At the beginning of the XIX century, North Meshovovo was in the arrival of the church of the ArchReart Mikhail, which was in the village of Arkhangelsk, sharulinino, and belonged to the son of Prince Peter Alexandrovich - Guard Captain-guarantor Prince Ivan Petrovich Obolensky. Located near the village of Akulinino, Arkhangelsk Tezh, belonged to his native brother - the actual Stat adviser to the prince Andrei Petrovich Obolensky. At the time of revision, 1816 in the village lived 65 male peasants and 54 female, only 119 souls. One peasant from this village owned the third brother - Stat adviser Prince Alexander Petrovich Obolensky. In the village of Menshov, the same year lived, yard people: male 2, female 2; Peasants: male floor 43, female 37, only 84 souls. The presence of farmers in small seeor people says that the landowner was a landowner in this village.
But the absence of courtyard people recorded for Selochinina says that no one has already lived in the manor in him in it, but the presented house continued to exist. The courtyards of the same people from aculinino, at the end of the XIII century, were translated into a trinity estate.
Unlike the owner of Menshima Prince Ivan Obolensky, who has not reached large ranks and retired in the rank of guard of captain-lieutenant, his older brother Prince Andrei Obolensky made a good career and served before the trustee of the Moscow academic district.
In the lists of the nobility of the Podolsk district, with the right to participate in the noble elections for 1816, two princes of Obolensky were recorded: Andrei Petrovich and Ivan Petrovich. Both are listed in Moscow.
For 18 years (up to 8 revisions of 1834), the population of Mentrans has increased. The courtyard lived in it: male sex 8, female 9; Peasants: male 47, female 43 souls, only 107 shower. He also belonged to the village of Colinischevo, where 60 serfs lived. The village of Akulinino was recorded for the Life Guard captain - the guarantee of the princess of Elena Ivanovna Obolenskaya. This village lived 177 shower of both sexes.
Princess Elena Ivanovna Obolenskaya, the nee von Shakelberg, was the wife of Prince Ivan Petrovich, and Prince Andrei Petrovich handed her the village of Akulinino. If you believe the birth date of Elena Ivanovna referred to in reference books (1758), then she was older than her husband for 12 years. Her father - director of the Lifelard College of Saving Baron Fabian Adam von Shakelberg, was a commencement from the noble Baltic family, whose representatives moved to Russian service under the emperors Peter I and Anna Ioannov. With Empress Catherine II, two daughters of Staklinberg: Elizabeth and Catherine were her flare. In 1767, accompanying the young Russian empress on a trip along the Volga, Elizabeth Ivanovna met with the Graph and Kavaler Vladimir Grigorievich Orlovy - President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Elizabeth Ivanovna was not beautiful and until 27 years old went to the girls, but her good character attracted the attention of Brother's favorite of Queen Grigory Orlov, and the next year they married. The second sister of Catherine Ivanovna was a spouse of Count Tisengausen. Both sisters have a great influence in the imperial courtyard, which you will not say about their younger sister Elena. Marriage Ivan Petrovich and Elena Ivanovna took place in 1790.
From the results of the revision of 1850, it can be seen that the village of Akulinino and Selo Menshimovo still belonged to the Guard captain - the guarantor of the prince Ivan Petrovich Obolensky. The population of Menthoves consisted of 105 people, from them yard people: male 9, female 8; Peasants: male 41, female 47 shower. According to the director of Nistrema for 1852, Prince I.P. Tobolensky lived in his estate in the village of Aculinino, the population of which was: male sex 83, female 87, in Menshov male 50, female 45, in the male columnist 34, female 23.
In 1855, Ivan Petrovich Obolensky died. Princess Elena Ivanovna died even earlier - in 1846. Children did not have their own near Moscow with a village of Akulinino, ruler Menshov and the village of Colinischevo, Ivan Obolensky bequeathed his niece - daughter Brother Alexander Petrovich, Princess Obolensk Agraphen Alexandrovna (1823-1891). It was behind it, when holding the last 10 revision of 1858, this estate was recorded. Then in 20 courtyards lived only 179 souls; In the village of Menthoves in 9 yards 97 shower, in the village of Colinischevo 9 courtyards 79 shower.
Prince Alexander Petrovich Obolensky as well as his brother died in 1855. From Marriage with Agraphed Yurieval Nemino Molelets (1789-1829), he had children: Catherine (1811-1843), Andrey (1813-1855), Sofia (1815-1852), Vasily (1817-1888), Sergey (1817-1888) -1882), Varvaru (1819-1873), Mikhail (1821-1886), Dmitry (1822-1881), Agraphene (1823-1891), and Yuri (1825-1890).
The village of Colinischevo, most likely, was sold, and began to contact the Penza Kiselev riders. In 1859, in Penza, according to the will of the Stat adviser, Alexander Grigorievich Kiselev, his wife Maria Mikhailovna, was built alone. In her, at the request of the testator, before the end of his days they should have lived: the elderly, poor, injuries, all the weak people of both sexes, without distinction of religion and title. By the title of the city, where the founder was founded and on the name of the founder, she was named Penza-Kiselevskaya. And in the village of Columnichevo, the landowner was sold to her by section with local peasants a plot of land, at which a house was built for the residence of the students of the Penza Kiselevskaya Raddle.
Princess Agraphene Alexandrovna Marry never came out, and by the beginning of 1860 she shared part of his estate with relatives. Seltso Menshimovo passed to the sister Varvar Aleksandrovna (1819-1873), married Alexei Alexandrovich Lopukhin (1813-1872).
Menthoto with loops
The history of the life of her husband Varvara Aleksandrovna - Alexey Alexandrovich Lopukhin is remarkable, first of all, the fact that at the time of his youth, he was a close friend of the famous poet Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov.
Their acquaintance occurred at the end of 1827 - early 1828. At this time, Mikhail Lermontov settled in Moscow, in the house on Molchanovka, withdrawn by his grandmother E.A. Arsenyeva. Nearby was a house owned by Alexander Nikolayevich Lopukhin - Father Alexei. A.P. Shang-Girey recalled: "In the neighborhood, a family of loops, an old father, three daughters and a son lived with us; They were with us as relatives and very friendly with Michelle, which was not a rare day there. " Mikhail Lermontov made friends with Alexey and his sisters: Maria and Barbaroos, he had a heart attachment to the latter. The image of Varniki Lopukhina found an embodiment in novels: "Vadim" and "Hero of our time". It was devoted to many poems, including: "Izmail Bay" and "Demon". It has been preserved several portraits made by hand Mikhail Lermontov.
For several years, Lermontov and Lopukhins lived next door. Around Mikhail and Alexey promoted that they were learning together in a noble board at Moscow University. Having finished learning in the guesthouse, young friends in 1830 entered Moscow University. After departure in 1832, Mikhail Yurevich from Moscow to St. Petersburg, he until his death in 1841 consisted of correspondence with Alexei Lopukhin. One of the contemporaries noted: "Only very few, and among them, A.A. Cultuin, deeply appreciated his friendship and believed him with a high soul, and retained this attitude after death."
However, in the friendship of Lopukhin and Lermontov, there were also complex moments. In the summer of 1833, Alexei Lopukhin became interested in the famous "coquette" Ekaterina Sushkova, who siled a rich groom. The case went to the engagement that the relatives and familiar Alexey Alexandrovich did not want. One of his cousin - Alexander Vereshchagin, asked Lermontov to try to upset the engagement. Being familiar with Sushkova and knowing her character, Mikhail Yuryevich decided to "help" a friend. Excellent with him and drying on the balas, he was able to distract the attention of secular coquette from Lopukhin and attract it to himself. Ekaterina Sushkov, who fell in love with Lermontov, stopped paying attention to the alleged groom. Alexey Alexandrovich, without reproaching a friend, although jealousy in his soul and nursing him, retreated from thought to marry Sushkova. Upset, thus engaging a friend, Mikhail Yuryevich, himself stopped meetings with Sushkova.
Thus, the great Russian poet Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov, not knowing anything about the village of Menshimovo, indirectly influenced his story. After all, if Alexey Lopukhin married Ekaterina Sushkova, then the owner of Menshov would be a representative of another noble family name. And so, five years after the failed wedding with Sushkova, Alexei Lopukhin married the princess barbarian Obolenskaya.
In 1838, the rite of the wedding of Alexey Alexandrovich and Barbara Alexandrovna took place. And on February 13 of the next year, the young couple was born Alexander's first fighters. In a letter from the Caucasus, Mikhail Yuryevich congratulated his friend's friend and sent a poetic message dedicated to the newborn:
Child cute birth
Welcomes my late verse.
Yes, there will be a blessing with him
All the angels of Heaven and Earth!
Maybe he will be a father worthy;
As his mother, beautiful and love;
Yes, there will be a spirit of him calm,
And in truth firmly like God's cherub.
Let him not know it until the term
Neither love flour, nor glory of greedy doom;
Let him look without reproach
On false shine and false peace noise;
Let it not look for the reasons
Foreign passions and joy
And he will be released from the secular tina
The soul of Bel and the heart will be unharmed!
After graduating from the University, Alexey Alexandrovich, being in the court of the Camera-Juncker, served in the civil authority. One of his services was the Moscow Synodal Office. Since the end of 1850, he and his family began to constantly come for summer time in the estate Mentrans. Alexey Lopukhin dismissed with the rank of a valid Stat advisor. Most of the life, living in Moscow, in his own house on Molchanovka, Alexey Alexandrovich Lopukhin died in 1872 and was buried in the Don Monastery.
In the Russian state archive of literature and art (Ragali), in the Foundation of Prince Nikolai Petrovich Trubetsky, the correspondence of his wife Sophia Alekseevna, Daughter Alexei Lopukhin, is kept. From these papers it follows that already in 1857, the children of Alexey Alexandrovich and Barbara Alexandrovna Lopukhini, the summer season, under the supervision of mothers, teachers, governors and servants, held in the estate of Menshov. Alexey Alexandrovich himself, being in service, could come there only on his weekend.
Also in this fund there are memories of the grandson of Alexey and Barbara Lopukhini - Eugene Nikolayevich Trubetsky. The following passage of his mother Sofia Alekseevna. In the middle of the end of 1850, she, together with her family, spent the summer months in Mounch and this memory of himself left.
"She grew freely, having fun together with others among the Lopukhinskoy Wolitsa. One hill in Menshov is still called in her honor, "Sonina Mountain", because she is there one day, the girl who eludes the supervision of the elders, jumped up on the unused peasant horse and rushed on it. " The locals still call the mountain, located on the right side of the road from the bridge through Gignify to the village of Menshimovo Sonina Mountain. Thanks to the memories of Prince Yevgeny Trubetsky, now it becomes clear, in honor of which Sony and for what reason, this mountain received its name.
In total, there were eight children of Lopukhin: Alexander (1839-1895), Maria (1840-1886), Sofia (1841-1901), Lydia (1842-1895), Boris (1844-1897), Olga (1845-1883), Olga (1845-1883), Olga (1845-1883), Olga (1845-1883) Emilia (1848-1904) and Sergey (1853-1911). By 1861, only the daughter of Sofia flew out of the parent nest, coming out this year to marry Prince Nikolai Petrovich Trubetsky. After the wedding, the young went on a trip to the southern estates of Prince Trubetsky, and all the relatives of the young wife, bored and worrying about her, fell asleep with her letters. Of these letters, some details of the estate estate small are known.
On May 31, 1861, from the Moscow House, in two Carens and Tarantas, in its suburban estate Menshimovo, the family of Lopukhins left. Mountains with various supplies left even earlier. The mother of Varvara Alexandrovna's mother was lucky for the village of Varvara Alexandrovna's children, daughters: Maria, Lidia, Olga and Emily, younger sons: Sergey and Vladimir. (Last child - Vladimir died in young years). They were accompanied by governess and nanny: Sophia Ivanovna, Clara Ivanovna and the Englishwoman Miss Boni. A little later, the older sons of Alexander and Boris came to the "village", the latter studied in the gymnasium and at the beginning of the summer examined the exams. Alexander, twice visiting Menshimovo and stays in it two and a half days, left for all summer to hide to the sister Sona Trubetskaya. Having been with her sister, by the end of the summer, he again returned to Menshov.
Usually in the evening on Friday, for the weekend, the head of the family - Alexey Alexandrovich came to the estate. Together with him sometimes arrived and guests. Almost constantly on weekends, a friend's friend was and, most likely, the subordinate Lopukhin, some of the Novikov. From other names of the events in this year in Mounc, in letters, cousins \u200b\u200band secondary unidie and aunt, brothers and sisters are mentioned. Among them: Sophia Yurevna Samarina, Dmitry Pavlovich Jerinov, Countess Maria Fedorovna Slogub, with the son of Fedi and his educator Nikolai Ivanovich Orpheyev, Vladimir Petrovich Begichev, with the daughter of Masha, fans of Ladrophina Lida - Volodya Davydov and Valuyev, the former Sophia - Prince Shakhovskaya and Other faces called only by name. The company adults also made up: who lived in his estate in the village of Akulinino Princess Agraphen Alexandrovna Obolenskaya ("Aunt Pear"), who came to her relatives: Lina, Lika and Katya Samarina, and also arriving in Maschov with a leopard aunt Masha. Maybe this was the same Maria Lopukhin, with which Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was in a friendly correspondence. Also, the neighbors who lived in their estate, those who lived in their estate, Vorobyevo Ershov, who lived in their estate are Vorobyevo, Her Son Ivan Ivanovich with the granddaughter of Masha.
In the funds of Ragal, there are also letters describing the life of the princess of Sofia Trubetskoy.
"Dad" - called Alexey Alexandrovich Lopukhin's letters, most often reported family details in his letters. One of them concerned the "Aunt Pear" (Agraphenes of Obolensk). Without having your home in Moscow, she lived on a rented apartment. The next winter, the owners of the house refused her in the apartment, and she was going to live until the next summer in Akulinino. The house remaining in this estate near Moscow from Prince Ivan Obolensky was still strong, and "Aunt Pear" lacked money. Lopukhins have repeatedly arrived and even came to visit Agraphene Alexandrovna on her estate. She was not so much in smallness.
In one of these visits in Akulinino, Alexey Lopukhin fell into an unexpected situation. In a letter dated June 26, he reported: "On Friday I should have been at 8 o'clock (evenings) to come to Akulinino, but drove up to a cute little Rignit and for the first time he did not miss me; Such heavy rain was in the vicinity of Menshov, even in Vorobyevo, according to the local, in the exact location of the knee, the water was that I finally saw aiming giving birth and rearing the Vorobyevskaya Mill, the dam crossed and there he scored horses, but Kucher certainly wanted to bring me to Tarantas, which is why it has long been equipped with a way. At 10 o'clock I arrived in Akulinino ... ". In Akulinino, there were already guests who came to advance members of his family and close relatives: Lelia with her husband and Lina Samarina. Noting the birth of aunt pear, the Lopukhin family went to Mounc. "... from Akulinino we went to the following order: in the carriage of Mama, Aunt Masha, Clara Ivanovna and Emilia, Tarantas: Olga, Mitya Jewinov, Novikov, Garder and I ... Masha and Lida stayed spending the night in aculinino for Lina, which is the other day With aunt, a pear and sisters arrived in Menshim. ... Ringed the day was again without water, because in Turgenev, the water broke and the water was gone. "
In a letter dated July 4, PAPA reported Daughter Sona Rustic News: "... In general, there are all busy in small politics in small and aculinine, and aunt pear with Katya learn in German and in English. ... without me there was an incident in Menshov. One woman hired a peasant in the workers, and he, drunk, did not want to work and he gasped it, for which she twitched him, and he pulled it out, so that not one hands were in action, but also his feet. In the past resurrection, they were tried and well done to famously, which Mouncent peasants had not yet known and did not try ... ".
In that year, all landowners were in anxious waiting, as their former peasants will behave after the cancellation of serfdom. He wrote about this and Alexey Alexandrovich. In a letter of July 13, he reported: "... on Sunday, he saw Ershov (Ivan Ivanovich - M.N.) and Masha (his daughter - M.N.). The first returned from his journey, was in Tula, Ryazan and Penza, that is, in these provinces, and strangely heard his stories. He, who preached that the peasants would not work, says that they are three times against the former and so smirch and calm that as the lands. " In the same letter "Dad" said that because of the heat, the pcs are bad, and the bread will not be very good.
In one of its latest letters from Menshimovo, he described the celebration of the name of Masha Yershova, in the Sparrows manor. "... On the other day, Aunt Masha went to Vorobyevo to dinner and received an invitation to everyone. In the evening, the whole family, except Novikov and Alesh Trubetsky, we went to Vorobyevo, where I found Andreevich Obolensky, Demidov, Governing with the Son, Doctor and Ogarev. Vasily Andreevich just arrived at Masha and Lidinet, who struck him with their ribbons, exactly the color of them is good and Masha was very autumn. The table was cooked between the house and the church, on a large road, chocolate pie, cottage cheese, vareniean, peaches, cherries, raspberries and a melon, which in honor I was expelled and filed after. Masha Yershova cuts the cake and treated, but this time not in a blue dress, but in a kitane with a decoration of Solferino tapes. " Returning home in the evening, Lopukhins and their guests saw a big fire that took place in Ilyinsky. The flame was so great that it was visible in the mines.
At the very beginning of August, Alexey Alexandrovich fell ill and no more than this summer in Menshov did not come. As it turned out, he became infected with a dangerous disease - smallpox. His wife Varvara Alexandrovna, in mid-August, came from the village to care for him and also infected. In a letter dated July 6, Vavara Lopukhin presented the routine of all family members. "... I will describe you our day: we get up everything in different hours, I am naturally later than others, but much earlier however, the former. At 12 o'clock, I am always ready, and sometimes in 11 I arrive in the living room. So, up to 11 hours of Sophia Ivanovna walks with boys in the garden, and at 11 they come with me to greet, bring or mushrooms or berries that scored. Then they go swimming, and I do or read accounts or read. In 1 hour, breakfast, and I drink an rye coffee. Then I embroider the dad pillow in the chambers. At 2 o'clock, I and Sofia Ivanovna learning children up to 4 hours, and in 4 they go swimming again, and I sit down for the chambers, and Boria makes me reading. At 5 o'clock we dine, after, sometimes there are two parties, three billiards will play, without energy, because it is surrounded by bad players, who are easily winning, then we sit together, chatting up to 8 hours. At 8 o'clock, we always go to walk, after which we drink tea and never later I go to bed. Masha is reading, it embroids, Lidya reads, embroiders, and plays the piano, Olga with Emily learn all morning and also engage in music. Aunt Masha, then with Masha, then with Borea, and more than ever, it seems, misses the poor thing.
Here is our day on weekdays. When the dad with Novikov is will be, well, then a lot of tenting, as always it was with them, and lay down much later, and there are a long time after dinner, and the evening walks are long, and then you need to end the melniki, whose goal is to leave the Melnik Novikov, To then ask him, and if he suffered a loss, when he broke through the mill in Turgenevo. "
Despite the fact that in the noble environment, the summer holiday in the village was considered the best transmittance of time a year, and all the urban population sought with clean air in nature, among the Lopukhin family turned out to be special, not a very rejoice in the estate near Moscow. This particular was the eldest daughter Maria. The fact is that she was sick, with difficulty moved. She understood that her personal life was unlikely to work out, and spiritual were added to physical suffering. In addition, she confessed in a letter to the sister of Sona, which loves Novikov, but hardly hoped for a mutual feeling, although he applied to her more than another sisters. Probably, the disease at an earlier age did not affect the physical condition and the psyche of Masha, and she gladly recalled past years spent in the village. "Toli it happened (Menshovskoe society) during, for example, the poem and our walking distance from Mentrans. As then our society was crowded, fun and nice. "
Nevertheless, fresh air, pleasant weather, relief from the disease and a good company have done their own business, and by the middle of the summer, Mary has fun. In a letter dated July 15, she described the story with humor that occurred during the birthday of the birthday of Begichev and the younger brother Volodya. "... everything, including aunt Pear with Katya, went with the songs to walk with a wonderful moonlight and with beautiful weather. ... from the walk returned almost per hour; They reached Vorobyev, where they made a terrible alarm. Part of the Ehershov house has already slept, and the other was waiting for the departure of the Feemer and Demidov (world mediator, M.N.), which were already submitted to the horse to also lie; What suddenly they heard terrible singing and cries of the church and saw the crowd of the people. Alarmed by the Days of Verperevsky (owner of the estate of Schevero - M.N.) as an intermediary about one indignation, Ershov imagined themselves that it came to them out of the peasants, and were afraid to go out. But the correction and demide, as the authorities came to see them, sent preliminarily for the Cossack. When they saw that these were ours, they came out and Ershov, and Ivan Ivanovich led them to the torches in the Ground Shed, where they were treated with cherries and peaches. That's what fear means; Ershov rarely and not a crowded society takes a day in the soil shed, and then there was a whole crowd, consisting of 12 people, and even at night. Favoring to the rear of the cherries, we returned home with songs and dad, mom and I went to them to meet them. I came home, we sat down to dinner and looked terribly terribly when the story of Begichev about their presence. "
Even before the news of the seriousness of the disease "Dad", a new fun appeared from the Mouncent Dachnik. On August 4, Maria wrote: "Our whole company is engaged in a very search for white mushrooms, which now a lot and seinery you ordered that today they found 45 white mushrooms, which is very fun." Masha's condition improved so much that she went to the forest and also found several mushrooms. After leaving Mom to Moscow, as the most eldest in the family, Maria became the hostess in the manor. She looked at the younger brothers and sisters, gave instructions in the housework. In mid-September, a little recovered from the disease "Dad" writing in writing to the repair of the barn in the manor and to send things brought from Moscow, back. After recovering "Dad" and "Mom", "Aunt Pear" considered that in gratitude for God's mercy of "Dad" should pay the "Roga" (fee of money and reserves) to the Aculinine priest. In the letter of the daughter of Mary, "Mom" transfers his answer: "... Pope thanks the aunt of a pear for the fact that she decided that he should give Roga to the priest to Akulininsky. He, however, does not recognize the duty to give it to him. In Uspensky (the temple on the Korytnsky graveyard - M.N.) None of the parishioners pay and does not give anything to the priest and the whole reach, and for everything one dad is responsible, then why, in fact, should give the contents of the Akulin priest "
Due to the disease of the parents, the children of Lopukhins returned to the Moscow House only at the end of September, and the last and a half of the month of Mary were not to rest. In addition, Novikov also got sick, and the fear of the life of a beloved person was added to the experiences for their parents' health.
Letters of the Third Sisters - 18-year-old Lida, Girls on Issue, are full of delight and lingering rustic life. Judging by letters, she was a fun and a pretty girl around which many young cavaliers constantly mounted. Sister Sophia strongly advised her to fall in love with some of them, but Lidya - so called her home, only carelessly shook his sister words, pushing marriage to the future. And in its letters are mentioned interesting details from the life of the noble family in the village.
On June 23, a family holiday was celebrated in Akulinino. The mistress of the estate Princess Agraphene Alexandrovna Obolenski congratulations on his birthday. Varvara Aleksandrovna and her daughter Masha and Lidya arrived from the Lopukhin family in Akulinino. According to the old tradition, the hostess came to congratulate her former fortress peasants. After congratulations, Aunt Pear was watered. Kurgan men and women drove away dances, dances under the sounds of the harmonica. As always without drunk and the accurate company: "I am very funny, one man, who was very drunk and therefore was terrible trifles."
Like "Mom", Lydia described in a letter of routine of his day. "I get up at 9-10 hours, after tea before breakfast, that is, until 12 hours I read with Miss Boni the story of Makalya, then breakfast. Up to 3 hours I play the piano, I understand the Sonatas of Obolensky (which I think I will never give him) and different plays in your memory, then we go swimming, and after lunch, we walk to tea, then there are milled or just a conversation. " Completely in the evening, the Mouncent company drove into visit to Akulinino. "Yesterday we were all in the evening at the aunt pear, and she prepared tea with all sorts of berries in her park, the evening was delightful, and we had a very pleasant time."
Brother Boris, unlike sisters, did not indulge his sister letters. Perhaps the reason for this was his inamue state. The 16-year-old gymnasium, as often happened in noble families, became interested in the young governess of his younger brothers Sophia Ivanovna. The condition of the young man noticed, but the meanings did not attach it. For a few days, his buddy gymnasium came to Boris. Judging by the fact that, in addition to a brief mention in a letter about his presence, nothing was more reported, he did not attract attention.
In the letters of sister Olga little information about the life of the family in the village. The younger sister wrote more about himself. Bathing in the river Riga, the collection of strawberries and mushrooms, a game with Lida Four hands on the piano, here were its main entertainment. Parents began to teach the girl to the economy and instructed her to engage in the cattle courtyard. Of course, she did not make the cows and did not clean the manure. But to take from workers Milk and cottage cheese, buy eggs and other supplies. In her duties, Olga with the heat began to make a job, only the data of the aunt of a pear cow, on the grace constantly ran into their usual aculinino, and they had to constantly return to the mines.
The younger sister of Emilia, following the example of adults, also described her daily classes in the village. "We spend time almost exactly as last year: we get up in half the sixth, in seven go swimming, from eight to nine Olga playing the piano, at nine o'clock tea, after tea I play, then we have lessons before breakfast, from breakfast Until four hours, there are again lessons, in four we are swimming again, but after lunch, we are or walking, or they swim again. On Mondays, we go to aculinino to take a lesson of music, and on Thursdays, Katya comes to us. " From other entertainment, in which Emilia took participation and was fishing in the River Rozheich. We now went to fish and caught only four crucians who went dad on the ear. "
Even the small brothers of Seryozha and Volodya and those writing letters sister Sona. In large letters, first written by a pencil, and then circled ink, most likely with the help of the teacher of Sofia Ivanovna, Seryozha wrote sister: "Fishing and billiards are very engaged in me and I would be happy for a whole day with Novikov firm fish, because we both addicted and enter in excitement. Sergey made us a garden, and we salt our cucumbers and eat peas, beans and other vegetables. " Another entertainment of boys was swimming in the river Riga, Seryozha in this summer learned to swim.
Due to parental illness, the end of the summer season of 1861 turned out to be crumpled. The first autumn frosts began, and the children continued to be in the village. Parents did not want to raise their risk to get infected with an abscess and returned them to Moscow only on September 27, when the danger passed.
In the same 1861, after the abolition of serfdom, part of the landlord lands was transferred to peasants liberated from the serfdom. In subsequent years, the landowners were supposed to receive redemption from the peasant rural society. However, the process of redemption of the Earth stretched out for many years, and the peasants, until the purchase of the Earth, was considered "temporary" before their former landowners. They continued to work out the barbecue and pay the lifts.
In 1865, the land of the village of Akulinino belonged to the princess to Obolensk and the Aculinine rural society, which included 85 tempted peasants. The land was divided as follows: the peasant navel was 270 tents of 2085 soil, the preserver - 571 told 273 of the plant. Lands of the village of Menshovo were recorded behind the Lopukhina and Menchovsky rural society. The depth of these lands was also the wasteland of Barkov. In the society of the peasants of the village Menshimovo, 48 tempted tramped peasants were listed, which was allocated to 156 tits, the landowner also belonged to 102 testers, 1,200 sohen. The Colinishevsky rural society, which included 37 tempted ridiculous peasants, was allocated 159 tits 848 soil of land. There were no land for the Penza-Kiselev riders.
From the mid-1860, the village of Akulinino, Seltso Menshimovo and the village of Colinischevo were part of the Rastunovsky Podolsk County parish. By the mid-1870, the borders of the volosts of the Podolsky county were blocked. Sabantsevskaya parish was formed in the south-east of the county, and settlements were included in whose borders: Akulinino, Menshchino and Columnism.
And life in the near Moscow estate of Lopukhins Menshimovo continued to be animated only in the summer months. Alexey Alexandrovich's children and Barbara Alexandrovna grow up, sons, having completed various educational institutions, came to the service, and already in rare days they could be seen in such a favorite place of their summer holiday. Each of them achieved high position.
All the sons of Alexei Lopukhina chose a legal career for themselves. Their nephew Evgeny Trubetskoy, so recalled them. "Nihilists and Volnodimtsev between my uncle Lopukhin were not; But it is characteristic that, unlike Uncle Trubetsky, who all began their service in the guard, my uncle Lopukhins were all court figures, while Tom Liberal: a soft soul and a flexible mind of Lopukhins immediately took the appearance of the "Epoch of Great Reforms." Due to this, the entire atmosphere in which we have grown was impregnated by the then special, litigation liberalism. "
The eldest son is Alexander, in the honor of which Mikhail Lermontov wrote a poem, after studying His Majesty Corps, chose a statistical service, and already in 1866 he served as a global judge in Moscow, and in 1867 by a comrade (deputy) prosecutor at the Moscow District Court . In the 1870s, he was already a prosecutor of the St. Petersburg Judicial Chamber. It was he who was in 1878, he participated as a prosecutor in the famous open legal process in the case of the terrorist faith of Zasulich, shooting in St. Petersburg City Union F. F. Trepova. The famous lawyer A.F. Koni presided over the process. Experienced professionals had a hearing in a loud judicial case that V. Zasulich was justified by the jury. For the "unsuccessful" maintenance of this case, and Koni and Lopukhin were removed from their posts. In 1879, Alexander Lopukhin was sent to Turkey, where he served as chairman of a special commission under the Imperial Embassy in Constantinople. In 1882, Alexander Alekseevich served as Chairman of the Warsaw District Court. He arrived to the rank of a valid Stat adviser and was awarded the court title of chamber. He was married to Elizabeth Dmitrievna Holokhwastova (1841-1909) and had Sons Alexei (1864-1928), Dmitry (1865-1914), Boris, Yuri and Victor (1868-1933).
The Middle Son of Alexey Alexandrovich - Boris, also chose the profession of a lawyer. A graduate of the Law Faculty of Moscow University, he reached the position of the prosecutor of the Warsaw District Court, and then the Chairman of the Yaroslavl District Court. Boris Alekseevich as well as the elder brother had the rank of a valid Stat adviser. From marriage with the faith of Ivanovna Protasov, he had Sons of Vladimir (1871-after 1940), Eugene (1878-after 1940) and daughter faith.
Above all the career stairs rose the younger - Sergey. By participating in the Volunteer in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, Sergey Alekseevich, for personal heroism was awarded the Order of St. George 4 degrees and the Romanian Iron Cross. Being a comrade of the Tula Prosecutor, Sergey Lopukhin was appointed Senator of the Criminal Cassation Department. In 1902, he is already the prosecutor of the Kiev Court of Chamber. In 1906, he was waiting for another increase. Sergey Alekseevich was invited to the Russian capital, for the position of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Senate. At the end of his career, Sergey Lopukhin had the rank of secret advisor and senator. He was in friendly relations with the great writer Lvi Nikolayevich Tolstoy, visited him in the estate "Clear Polyana", where he played in amateur performances. In marriage with Countess Alexandra Pavlovna Baranova (1854-1934), he had children: Nikolai (1879-1952), Anna (1880-1972), Alexey (1882-1966), Rafail (1883-1915), Peter (1885-1962) ), Maria (1886-1976), Catherine (1888-1965), Mikhail (1889-1919), Tatiana (1891-1960), Evgenia (1893-1967).
Of the five daughters of the spouses of Lopukhins, two: Maria and Lydia Marry did not come out, and lived their eyes with old devies. Olga married A.S. Ozersov, and Emilia for Count Pavel Alekseevich Kapnika. Sophia Alekseevna in 1861 was married to Prince Nikolai Petrovich Trubetsky. Some maternal features mentioned the son of Sofya Yevgeny Trubetskoy in his memoirs. "... The overall funship and the cheerfulness of Lopukhinsky appearance in her soul combined with the burning of the spiritual, which her brothers and sisters gave only sparks, and she was blown in the flame.
That first case when she found out that the courtyard was told, was a day of deep spiritual shock for her. It was a whole storm of indignation, a riot against his father, accompanied by sleepless nights spent in sobbing. For a long time she felt alienation from him; In the Lopukhinsk family it was as I know, the only case of alienation is so deep.
To overcome this alienation, it took that the highest spiritual development and the spiritual latitude, which subsequently gave her the opportunity to understand that this section was not so much a grandfather's name, how many common wine of his medium and moreover, inherited.
It was not brain, cold "liberalism", because brain inconsistency and cold in mom at all and never spent the night. It was a soul - that soul, which was then spiritualized and Akhtyrku, filled the beautiful architectural forms of her estate and a place to be a grace, who was created by the other loving mother hand. Through it was made to the invasion of Multiple in Akhtyrka, who was created by the entire spiritual atmosphere of our childhood and adolescence. But at the same time, it was the transformation of the smaller himself, because the mother was much more serious, stronger and deeper than the Middle Mounted Mounted Level. "
The family of Nikolai Petrovich Trubetsky conducted most of the summer months in the genital estate of the Father Akhtyrka, located near the modern Moscow region of Sergiyev Posada. But sometimes the children of Trubetsky drove to their grandmother on the motherboard in Menshov. Talking in the memoirs of his childhood, Evgeny Trubetskoy constantly compared the orders of the estates that existed in two Moscow planners. Later fate will connect the family of Nikolai Petrovich and Sofia Alekseevna with the estate of Menshov. In the meantime, let's continue the story about the family of Lopukhin.
Over time, the children of Lopukhiny left their homes and together with their parents left to live not married the daughter of Maria and Lydia. Father, mother and daughter and constituted the constant basis of the Company, which continued to come for the summer in Menshim. The rest of their children, with their children, began to come to the near Moscow estate of the parents only to visit, for several days or weeks. Here they were always waiting for a warm welcome. Evgeny Trubetskoy remembered: "Here the grandfather and grandmother were completely different. "Distance" between us and they were no. In their grandchildren, the souls did not care and pumped as they could. We told the grandfather Trubetsky "You", and with the grandfather and grandmother loops were on "you." And no "forms" in our relations did not relieve. We also adored the "grandfather and grandmother of loops", but did not allow anything to refuse them. When I was once again loosened that the grandfather was forced to enhance the discipline, I called him a fool, for which I was immediately cracked. It was one of my first big disappointments in life. Like, this grandfather, who with such love looks into my eyes, pokes my finger in the stomach and tells me so gentle - "cute pan" - this very grandfather suddenly holds! And I cried - not from pain, of course, because the slap was "deceo", but from insulting. And the grandfather kissed me and comforted the incendiary glass, which he immediately burned the paper to the great joy.
Bright was one of its kind and this grandfather Alexey Alexandrovich. I remember, we, the children almost always caught him lying in bed. He did not get up for all weeks, and we considered him sick. But it did not happen at all, grandfather was completely healthy. Suddenly, without any reason, he got up for a few weeks, and then he left again. Subsequently, I learned that this periodic lying was caused by deep and incomprehensible to the children of the tragedy. "Disease", periodically squeezed grandfather to go to bed, was something like paralysis of the will, and she was caused, oddly enough, - the act of February 19th. Until that time, it was not afraid of his business; Judging by the stories of my aunt - his daughters, vaguely understood the business side of life, with the serfdom "everything was done by themselves, and the income themselves were also mastered," and after that, the grandfather had the task - to make his own economy. He came to complete prostration and, depressed by his helplessness, "turned into some kind of Oblomov." The managers have stolen, incomes did not work, "the case" themselves came to the disorder ", and grandfather retired with heavy thought in her bed. In such a mental state, we, children, were salvation for him. And in particular to us, the tenderness, except for his loving heart, the whole pain of the sophisticated soul also affected.
But with the same love treated us and all in the house of Lopukhini - and grandmother, and aunt, and the old woman - the nanny of my mother - the seletener of Vasilievna from the former courtyards - a representative of the disappeared type "Pushkin Nanny". For my unmarried aunts, their nephews and nieces were hardly the only interest in their lives, which is not surprising, since only in us they could find satisfaction with any woman inherent to the maternal feeling. "
The prince of Evgeny Trubetskoy was born in 1863 and his memories of grandmother and grandfather of loops are associated with the end of 1860 - early 1870s. Especially a crowded society gathered in Menshov in 1869. In addition to parents of loophini, and their unmarried and unmarried children, they rested from several months to several days: the family of the eldest son Alexander - Wife Lisa and children: Alyosha, Mitya and Boria; Daughter's family - Pankini Sofa Trubetskoy, husband and children; Daughters - Countess Emilia Covenant, Family Lina and Lelfa Samarine, Princess Agraphen Alexandrovna Obolenskaya, Jelebovy, Lviv and Smirnov, Uncle Yush (relative). For senior fluffy, it was a wonderful time. The whole family and people close to it were together and enjoyed the beautiful nature of the Moscow region and good weather. But unfortunately for them, it was one of the last happy years in their lives.
Alexey Alexandrovich Lopukhin died in 1872, and the next year his wife Varvara Alexandrovna died. The summer months of the 1872-1873 years of the Lopukhin family were held on the dacha suburban in the suburb of Moscow - Butyrs. Most likely, this was due to the fact that in the previous year, due to the strong wind, the roof of the Black Man was damaged. In addition, Varvara Alexandrovna was seriously ill, and she had a permanent medical observation. Remove the cottage turned out to be cheaper than repairing an old house. Lopukhins came and before. It is possible that in the mid-1860, a year or a few years, the estate in Menthoves was empty. This can be assumed from the letter of the princess of Sofia Trubetskoy her husband of May 22, 1867: "Mom went to the Meshcherskoe, which was not suitable anywhere, and therefore they hired carpenters to correct the Blacks and Required amendments. "
After the death of the parents of the lops, the estate in Meneshov was not used for several years. Only in the spring of 1879, under the supervision of the husband of Emilia - Count Pavel Alekseevich Capnicist, the construction of the Menchovskaya estate was renovated. From this year, the family of loops, Trubetsky, capnists and their relatives and friends, conducted a part of the summer in Menshov. Capnicker and Trubetsky had their own estates, so representatives of their families were infrequently and for long. But the sisters of Lophun Maria and Lydia, became hostess in the parental estate.
Evgeny Trubetskoy in his memoirs gave a remarkable description of the less time. "In the suburbs of Lopukhin - Menshov, there were two light wooden landlords with mezzanines on a hill above the river. The contrast with the Akhtyra house was, of course, full: he was great, whereas these were pretty and cozy. Yes, the land is small, with a little nehla boy River, laughing, like washed birch tops, was in full harmony with the house and was a bright contrast with MOhoose firings and pines of Akhtyra Park. Everything in the houses was simply, and any "highest outputs" in a similar situation, of course, could not be speech. Also in the park with small picturesque orates, with bridges grained on a living thread, there were neither arbors, nor any kind of clauses, but for all together it was infinitely cute, cozy and cheerfully, especially since the strict faces of the ancestors were not Hung on the walls. There was nothing that it would be possible to make a hooligan-anarchic sense of protest in the child.
And, a strange thing, I remember four generations in Menshov; During this time, it was still twice all there, so that from the rest of the two houses was one, and the names of the owners were changed, because Menshimo passed on the female line. Nevertheless, the Black Tradition and the Black Lifestyle - the same. Everything is also small little, cheerful, cheerful, mostly female mila-dejide. All the same atmosphere there is an open house where you come easier, without compliance with strict and heavy forms. All the same all rooms are always invariably full of guests overwhelming the house to the last limits of capacity. All among guests are dominated by young people attracted by female youth. How many people fall in love and married! Speaking with the words of one deceased Moscow old woman, the god of Amorhousehouses there often, if not continuously. It is necessary to say that in Menshov, among the unimaginable Gama and all the turmoils of continuous arrival and departures, it was difficult to do something seriously. There was a prevailed atmosphere of some continuous spring festival of bloom of youth; The generation of charming children, which then grown to renew all the same tradition of having fun in love. I was in Menesh for the first time five years from the genus and retained the impression of spring dreams for the rest of my life, which was then renewed when I arrived there with young men, it becomes renewing and now when I am there. And I have long seen the sixth ten.
When I met small, the bloom of my aunt loophinic was already coming to an end. It was already in the second half of the sixties. Then, as in subsequent generations, this bloom was not empty. Mounted Mounci Wolnitsa with the Akhtyr style of Grandparents Peter Ivanovich, I can not not see that it was the Menchovskaya Volnitsa and the funny, who invaded later and to Akhtyrka, prepared an extraly important fracture in life-imaging. The free attitude of fathers and children, grandchildren and grandfathers facilitated the transition from old Russia to a new one. Family of the Lopukhins in the sixties was much more modern than the family of Trubetsky. Thanks to this, the argument of fathers and children here manifested itself in other forms, incomparably softer: despite this dispute, the distance between generations was still not turned into the abyss. "
The family of loophinic and their relatives conducted in the Mounçal Summer months until 1884. And next 1885, this manor was handed over to the country and not to someone, and the artist Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov already famous at that time. Whether they were familiar earlier, Lopukhins were known to be unknown, but be that as it may, two years -1885 and 1886, the estate in Menshimovo in summer, members of the Family of the Polenov and his friends were used. About this period from the history of Menshov will be told in a separate article.
Completing the story of living in 1850 - 1880 in the estate of small member of the Lopukhin family, finally mention and about their relatives and acquaintances who have visited them, and leaving about themselves in Russian history. Emilia's husband Nikolaevna Lopukhina - Count Pavel Alekseevich Kopnis (1842-1904), secret adviser, in 1880 - 1895 was a trustee of the Moscow academic district, and since 1895 - was appointed senator from 1895. He rarely visited Menshim, because he himself had a rich estate in Ukraine - Obukhovka.
Alexander Alekseevich Lopukhina's son - Alexey (1864-1928), in childhood, visiting his grandfather and grandmother of loops in their near Moscow estate, was reached by the director of the Police Department of the Russian Empire (1903-1905). He became famous for the fact that after the retirement retirement, he gave the Security Agent - Azep. For the disclosure of official secrecy, he was arrested and sentenced: to deprive all the rights of the state and five years, Kathers replaced by reference to Siberia. In December 1912, Alexey Alexandrovich Lopukhin was pardoned and restored.
Dmitry Pavlovich Jerins (1842-1892) stood out from a number of his relatives, what he walked around with a "nihylist". Indeed, by spending a part of the summer in Menshov and taking strength, in the fall of 1861, a student of Moscow University Dmitry Jerinov, participated in the riots in his educational institution. In May 1862, he was arrested on charges of "distributing outrageous appeals" and until mid-August was kept in the Petropavlovsk fortress. Thanks to the intercession of high-ranking relatives, Dmitry Jews was not strictly punished, just expelled in Tula to the sister, who took him "on the bail". He did not participate in the revolutionary movement and in 1865 the police supervision was removed from him.
Count Fyodor Lvovich Sologub (1840-1890) was engaged in theatrical painting, painted sketches for theatrical costumes, was the head of the situation on the scenes of Moscow imperial theaters. He taught in Moscow dramatic colleges. At the time of Lopukhinny Menshimo in the summer months, other representatives of the Moscow Nobility Aristocracy, mostly women and children visited.
Menshimo with pipetsky princes.
In 1886, Maria Alekseevna Lopukhin died. Embedding Mentrans remained in possession of sisters: Lydia Lopukhina and Sophia Trubetskoy. Since 1887, this suburbs of the manor moved to Prince Nikolai Petrovich Trubetsky. Nicholas's daughter and Sofia Trubetsky - Princess Olga, who made the written chronicle of the Trubetsky family, so explained this event. "Aunt Leedha (Lopukhina) spent this summer in a bracer (from his aunt Agraphenes Alexandrovna Obolenskaya), because Menshov was rebuilt with her old house so to accommodate and all our family. After a long and barren searches for the estate that could meet the requirements of the family, and at the same time, it would not be too unbearable burden on the budget, Dad and Mom began to make an extension to the old Mouncent house and live there with aunt Lydia, which was too sad Return one one after the death of the aunts of Masha. "
To look after the restructuring of the house, an old familiar and good neighbor for the estate of Vladimir Ivanovich Ershov took. An architect was hired to restructure the house, whose identity was not installed. Corresponding to the wishes of Nikolai Petrovich: "In order for the hall to be so built, so that there is a space for installing the scene," he separated the living room from the hall of the arch, "which turned out to be really very convenient for Sharad and performances." The only lack of repair of the house was that inside it, after reconstruction, there was a lot of defects. According to Olga Trubetskaya V.I. Ershov was "so busy with his farm, that it could hardly be successful for her (construction) to follow, but Vladimir Ivanovich used such an authority of the owner and a practical person that no one thought to delve into the details of this restructuring."
Agraphena Obolenskaya and Lidia Lopukhin lived in the neighboring bracket, could not calmly look at home repairs. Both cried and spare a rebuilt old monthly house, which was thoroughly disassembled. Without windows, without doors and somewhere without a foundation, he reminded them the ruined communion of the nest. In addition, construction was slowly, but Ershov assured: "That this inaction is necessary and begged not to rush it." Nikolai Petrovich Ozersa looked at the construction site, but he constantly did not live there. The house in the estate Menthoves was completely renovated by the summer of 1888.
New informal owner Menshimovo Prince Nikolai Petrovich Trubetskaya (1828-1900g) left a significant trace in the history of the development of musical art in Russia and Moscow. Mention of its activities are available in all directories and encyclopedias. Having dedicated to his youth music, the widespread of the organization of various musical events most of his personal funds, the late half of his life, he had to look for money for the maintenance of his family.
Born in a notable and rich family of General, Prince Peter Trubetsky, Nikolai Petrovich received an excellent education in the Page Corps. In his youth, he fought, participated in the Hungarian and Crimean Companies. Then he moved to the Stat service. His passionate passion was music. Without having a special musical education, he played perfectly on the piano, sang and composed music. For a long time, Nikolai Petrovich became the chairman of the Moscow branch of the Russian Music Society. Consisting in close friendship with the musicians by Anton's brothers and Nikolai Rubinsteins, Prince Nikolai Trubetskoy, together with Nikolai Rubinstein, became a co-founder of the Moscow Conservatory. Thanks to his efforts, symphonic and quartet concerts were regularly held in Moscow, a conservatory was opened in which the musical education received gifted children.
Considering public affairs, Prince Nikolai Trubetskaya won the most of the funds belonging to him. Trying to fill the lost, he decided to do agriculture. Nikolai Petrovich acquired the estate in the south of the Russian Empire, and engaged in the cultivation and sale of bread, as well as sheep. For several years, in the detachment from the family, he spent in his southern estate - Sidor. However, his undertakings were unsuccessful, nor himself nor the managers hired by him, and could not earn money on the content of the family. Being on the verge of ruin, Nikolai Petrovich entered the service, and from 1876 to 1885 he held the position of vice-governor of Kaluga province. But also the salary of the official of the big rank did not always have enough for family needs, and he did not take bribes. Generic estate Akhtyrka, and also Sidor had to sell. Losing to the life of the elder sons, Prince Nikolai Petrovich Trubetskoy retired and in 1887 moved with his family to residence in Moscow. Starting from 1888, he spent the summer months in a family environment, in a quiet and peaceful corner of the Moscow region - estate Mentrans.
And the family of Prince, according to the tradition of those years, was big. From two marriages, he had eleven children. For the first time, he was married to the deceased in the youthful Countess of Love Vasilyevna Orlova-Denisova. From this marriage, he had three children: Peter (1859-1911), Sophia (married Vladimir Glebov) and Maria (for Gregory Ivanovich Christie). From the second marriage with Sophia Alekseevna Lopukhina were born: Sons Sergey (1862-1905), Evgeny (1863-1920) and Grigory (1874-1930), as well as daughters: Elizabeth (for M.M. Sergey: Elizabeth (for M.M.Sorgina), Antonina (for F. D.Samarin), Marina (for Prince Nikolai Gagarin), Varvara (1870-1933, for G.G.Lermont) and Olga (04/26/1867-1947).
By 1888, his older children had already lived independently, had families and their juvenile children. The eldest son from the first marriage - Peter owned the near Moscow estate "Narrow", so it was very rare in Mounch, it is very rare, as well as his native sisters: Sophia and Maria. But children from the second marriage preferred small. Senior Sons Sergey and Eugene, after graduation in 1885, Moscow University dedicated themselves to science. By 1888 both lived not far from the summer location of their parents. Sergey was left at the Department to prepare for the receipt of the title of professor and in 1888 was among the private associate professors of Moscow University. Evgeny, having passed military collection and having received an officer rank, went to the reserve. In 1886, he became a privat-associate professor of the Demidov legal lying in Yaroslavl. On ordinary days, he lectured once a week, so he left for the remaining six days to Moscow. So, starting from 1888, all members of the family of Nikolai Petrovich Trubetsky, who is all summer, and who and several days spent in the Moun esth estate.
To tell about it will help the "chronicle of the Trubetsky family", composed by Olga Nikolayevaya Trubetskaya. So, on June 6, 1888, most members of the Trubetsky family arrived at the renovated manor house. "Dad moved before others and together with Alexandra Ivanovna and Alexander placed, as he knew how, the furniture in the house and prepared all the rooms. He very worried and looked forward to our arrival and first impressions. " But the first impression of Olga was unimportant. "The house has just been painted in red and as it happens when the mummy is painted, the color was too bright and light, and Hop was not yet planted, which so scratched the house later. The balcony at the entrance was also not yet and the porch was very uncomfortable, so as not to say more. But inside everything was so fresh, light and caught, and the big hall is so pretty that we soon reconciled with the appearance of the house, which gradually becoming if not more beautiful, then more cozy. At that, the surrounding nature immediately captivated. Dad was very pleased with the upper terrace and terracotta vases, which he placed on the cabinets of balustrades, there was still no colors in them, and the appearance contributed little to decoration, but Dad demanded that they admire them. "
Gradually, the whole family of Trubetsky, with the exception of the daughter of Elizabeth, who married Mikhail Mikhailovich Osorgina and lived in the Kaluga estate of Osorgina - Sergievsky, gathered in Mouncé and its surroundings. Sergey Nikolaevich in October 1887 married Princess Praskovye Vladimirovna Obolensky and decided to live his own family, separately, but not far from all. For him was hired located in several versts from Menshov, a house in the estate Prokhorovo. Sister Olga herself traveled temporary, but still a family nest of newlyweds. Another place where all Trubetski came to this summer was the estate of the stupid. There continued to live in the summer months of Princess Agraphen Alexandrovna Obolenskaya - Aunt Pear. Driving there and from there, it was impossible to unleash the estates of Vorobyevo, where they were always with the hunt, the family of the Yershov, Olga Trubetskaya was very close to the faith of hersova and living with her Maria Khitrovo. At these pears, another relative of the Trubetsky family lived - Sonya Jewinov.
In this summer, the company gathered in Menshov to young girls, amounted to only Brother Grisha, who came to visit Vorobievo Bobby (Boris?) Nechaev and Nikolai Andreevich Klylinsky - a homely man in the Trubetsky family. Already adult brothers Sergey and Yevgeny and Olga's sister more entertained for adults, although they were happy to rob in a boat. Sergey constantly came from Prokhorovo to Mounch, where he gladly played with brothers, Kislinsky and Olga in tennis. Eugene just adored this game and if he did not play in the morning, he walked himself not his own. Another entertainment was hunting. Olga preferred horse riding (traveled to Meshcherskoe, Turgenevo and Odintsovo), bathing in the river and reading. She did not like walking on foot, since he had chromium since childhood.
Adults enjoyed wonderful nature, fresh air, strangled conversations. From time to time in Menshim, it's time for a few days, relatives and friends came. This summer was an uncle Kopnis, a friend of the daughter of Varvara - Anna Sittina. The end of the summer season Olga decided to celebrate the home play. "... now Bore (Lopukhin) letter to bring the plays, 20 (August) - he was here, 22 - roles were rewritten, 26 We were already playing" trouble from a delicate heart "and" on the nest and bird ". All the preparations for the spectrum are the children of Trubetsky made secret from adults. The appearance of the scene and the curtain was explained by the performance of the performance, but charaks. Olga's court succeeded, and maybe for the first time in the entire existence of the settlement, the theater representation occurred in the vicinity of Menshov.
The last afternoon, when most members of the Trubetsky family and their guests were in Mounch, was August 30. "... Yesterday, before the end, the house was crowded. Peter-brother arrived (Peter Nikolaevich Trubetskaya), Vasya and Yushu Davydov, Aunt Pear. However, in September, the life in this corner of the Moscow region did not shousy. After leaving the relatives, Sergey Trubetskaya and his wife moved to the Mouncenta House, where she prepared his dissertation. Dad with Vladimir Ivanovich Yershov went for some kind of business to Malvinsky (Malvinsky-Otradnaya). Guests continued to visit Trubetsky and in the cool October Days. Alexey Lopukhin and Sergey Ozers came to the autumn mines. Finally, on the occurrence of cold weather, that is, by mid-October, life in the estate less than froze.
Dacha life in Menesh continued in the summer of next 1889. Lopukhins, old people Osorgina, Samarins, Lydia Beklemishev, Andrei Ozers and other relatives, who are on the day, and who and a few weeks came to visit the family of Prince Nikolai Petrovich Trubetsky. There were not enough places at all and then guests who were without an invitation, and therefore without a place, took a tete pear in the bracket. It was she who settled Peter and Lina Samarins. Olga Trubetskaya wrote Brother Evgenia: "..uza that there were people from us."
This year Olga was seriously fascinated by photography. She acquired a camera and rented himself, showed and printed photographs. A particularly wide field of activity was in the mines. After all, besides the Mouncent houses and their neighbors, it was possible to shoot and beautiful picturesque views near the estate. But this seemed a little. Olga Nikolaevna, together with sisters and friends, engaged in an artistic photo. Sofya Alekseevna Trubetskaya, in September, moved from Mounch to Moscow, wrote the son of his wife who lived in Yaroslavl: "... Yesterday I was sent a fantastic picture from" Demon ": on the breakthrough, Manya Hitrov depicts a demon, only the witch came out rather than the demon, and at the bottom of Maria In a suit, Tamara goes behind water, and it came out very cute and wildly chosen. " The venue of this shooting was the roasting banks of the Ruga River in the vicinity of Menshimovo. Mounted by Olga Trubetskaya photos of the Blacks and Dachas, enjoyed popular among her relatives, and she had to make them several sets to order. In this she helped sister Marina. Where are these photos now? It would be interesting to look at life, clouded in Menshima 120 years ago.
According to the newly emerged tradition, the day of Nikolai Petrovich Trubetsky was copious in early October, in Mounch. For this celebration, adult tubing came there for several days. Trubaetsky children did not leave from there from summer, and all September were provided to themselves. Arriving towards them in Menshim, Sophia Alekseevna wrote his son Evgenia: "... Here all the time there is fun, such a revival and even the ecstasy that I got out of the darkness of the dazzling light that I can not completely carry."
Under the end of the summer season, the sisters of Trubetsky came in the smallest. Here were Maria Rachinskaya and her brother Alexander, Boris Lopukhin, Alexey Kopnis, Maria Khitrov and other neighbors from Vorobievo. For a birthday room, a surprise was arranged, charade was played. Sofya Alekseevna Trubetskaya wrote: "... who was Mil in Charade, so this is Marina, which was paid a whole ballet. Manya Khitrov learned her with different ballet dances, and she was so graceful and sweet, and completely danced by ballet. ... Yesterday she portrayed a hellish fire in the kingdom of Pluto, and danced a fast dance in a charming costume red with black, lit by Bengali fire, and was charm as a mile. " Finally, after the guiled name, all Trubetskiy, their relatives and friends left Menshimovo to return to him next in the summer.
All summer of 1889, Lidiya Alekseevna Lopukhin also held in his suburban estate. In winter, a misfortune happened to the Lida, it was enough to blow, after which partial paralysis came. One of the types of drugs was fresh rustic air. Lydia Alekseevna was brought for the summer to Menshov. Together with her, Feldsheritsa arrived, who constantly followed her condition. From Moscow, from time to time Dr. Roth came to her. And I must say, the stay in nature helped a little sick. The previous sensations gradually returned to the numbered hand and leg of Lydia Alekseevna.
The next 1890 was significant for the Mouncent estate that he was visited by the famous Russian philosopher Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov. Dating between him and Sergey Trubetsky occurred in 1888. From that moment on, Trubetskoy became a student of Solovyov and one of his best followers. In 1889, Sergey Nikolaevich Trubetskaya defended Magister dissertation in Moscow University called "Metaphysics in ancient Greece". This work has significantly increased his reputation in the circle of Russian philosophers. The thesis was published in the form of a book. Recognized specialists in this area began to pay attention to his philosophical work. And Sergey Nikolaevich moved from the discharge of students in the discharge of friends of the famous philosopher. Vladimir Solovyov's arrival in Menshim, was already a visit of a senior friend to the younger.
It used to be known that Solovyov came to Trubetsky to the estate of narrow. Twice in 1890, he visited Sergey Trubetskoy and in the estate Menthoto. This fact became known from Olga Trubetskoy's diary. Unfortunately, she did not indicate which days Solovyov came to their estate near Moscow. Probably because of a very big influx of friends and relatives, this summer Olga Nikolaevna led a diary cramps, and the dates of the arrival of Solovyov, she simply did not record. But already in the fall, remembering the impressions of the past summer, Olga Nikolayevna recorded his interesting impressions of this extraordinary person in the diary.
"Summer has passed in a large sustrocker: the house (in Mounc) is constantly full of people. For this month (mid-august-September), the horror of how many people have moved. Manya Rachinskaya arrived twice and all the caps, Alyosha (Lopukhin?) Like every week. Solovyov, who came for the first time for one day, and in the second for two days, the conversation about himself left a lot. The appearance of it for the second time it was more spectacular. We all had breakfast in a crowded and noisy campaign, the table was stretched to the entire hall. Suddenly, the front door will decide and a huge figure of Solovyov appears in it with incredibly mortgageous hair. There was a strong wind, he leaned out the wagon window, and the wind ripped his hat, and he came from Podolsk with a uncoated head, exciting every way along the way in the villages of amazement from the man in the streets and curiosity of the boys who rushed behind the flush yet. The idle of it is without it. Aunt Pear treated him with unfriendly and not without fear. She for some reason considered him an antichrist, and she was crazy with him. Mom also treated him not quite trusting. There was a lot of dispute, he poses or not. Long hair did not like him and served as an argument to his posterity. All day he walked around the forest or in the garden with her semen, and we saw it only at dinner, breakfast and tea, and in short intervals of the common seating on the terrace after lunch and breakfast. Of course, he noticed how we were all busy, and in order to the heat in our sense. It was unusual warm, dry evening after a hot day. Everyone was poured on the meadow, and went to the edge of the cliff to three birchans, the place on the line, and Solovyov with Sergey joined us. Solovyov warned us so that we are not afraid if at night I heard noise and even screams. It is sometimes attended by ghosts and recently all some terrible animals, then the roosters of an extraordinary size, then monkeys, and sometimes they rush to peck, or bite, and then he screams. Message This is a great excitement and laughter produced in the younger company. Soon, everyone noticed some kind of white whiskey kitty, which was glad about us and when we moved further, she rushed around Solovyov, her drawing circles around him. In a long maquitosh, with a disheveled unwitted head, at twilight of the impending night, his figure was really extraordinary, and although he walked ahead with a pear and semen, fragments of the conversations of young people came to him, which came from behind. "Do not scare this cat," said he suddenly turning to them, "this is my poodle." When you went to bed, in the house all the same, the revival and laughter did not make it possible. Everyone was waiting for crying Solovyov and came up with how to react to it. I slept with Panyutina pear, and on the contrary, through the corridor - Solovyov. We also did not sleep for a long time and listened to the gamu in the sister's room. Suddenly, someone softly knocked on the door to us, and a loud scratch was heard. We became uncomfortable. The pear drew the door, it turned out to be a cat Solovyov behind the door ... Never before, never after she was and the appearance of her the door was completely unpleasant. "
Of course, Solovyov came to Menthotow not to shock or frighten the local and summer public, and visit his friend, to discuss with him questions philosophy. In one of the letters from Berlin, where Sergey Trubetskaya went with his family in late autumn of 1890, he wrote his mother: "... Olga and you ask me about the article Solovyov: For me, she was not news, because Solovyov read it in Mouncent . In the future, friendly relations between the brothers Trubetsky and Vladimir Solovyov continued until his death. By the way, Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov died in the summer of 1900, being visiting Peter Nikolaevich Trubetsky in his estate "narrow".
As usual, in the summer of 1891, members of the Trubetsky family came to their near Moscow estate. That's just the mood of holidaymakers was not particularly joyful. Princess Agraphen Alexandrovna Obolenskaya began to pass quickly and strongly. Olga Trubetskaya recorded in his diary: "Aunt Pear descends and ages with horrific speed." It was her last summer in native places. October 22, 1891, she died.
The beginning of the dacha season of 1892 occurred in disputes between Sofia Alekseevna Trubetskoy and members of her family. After reading the published article of Lev Tolstoy "first step", Mom, who did not enter the lion of Tolstoy, suddenly became his fan. She ceased to eat meat dishes, and instead of linen straps, ordered the oilcloth into the table. Dad, Eugene and even daughters fell against her. And almost in a face mocked her new faders.
From other details of this summer, Olga Trubetskaya remembered the appearance in the vicinity of the Menshima Tsygansky Tabor. In the diary for July 12, she recorded: "Today, we have manifested itself at Posiberochi. We go there all the gurboy and all Valishchevskie and Menchowskie also came to be poking. It is beautifully spread over Mescalevy, but themselves - despite the poetry of wildness - unpleasant and alien and uncomfortable. " From the new persons this year came to the Menshima Mitya Istomin.
August 10 in Menshims celebrated the birthday of the Princess Marina Nikolaevna Trubetskoy. For a holiday, in the landlord estate, invited local peasants with children. Her older sister Olga recorded in his diary: "Yesterday, Marina passed 15 years. She was celebrated in the evening illumination. Ershov girls lived here 2 days. The holiday for the peasant children was full - they played all day at the office in the garden, squeezed. In the evening, the illumination was lit, and the whole garden was filled with the people, drove dances, singing, dance. Everywhere buzzed people. ... Before the porch, noisy cries of the approval of the fears were heard, the football of the legs, a single rhythm of harmony, was heard. "
All summer of 1893, silence and boredom reigned in Menshov. Only for a few days, in the near Moscow estate of Trubetskiki, the uncle Petya and Aunt Lina Samarina arrived. Representatives of the youth of Trubetsky and their relatives gathered here only in September. Arriving from the estate of Samarine young people, Olga Trubetskaya caught here a cheerful and noisy company. From the guests here were Sergey Jerins, Mikhail Osorgin, Prince Nikolai Gagarin and Dmitry Istomin. "Noise, the hill stood terrible - Olga recalled, - besides the rain, I do not remember myself, Lil, and all this was noisy in the house." This should be added that several young adorable girls gathered in a small house, and young representatives of aristocratic names tried to show themselves in all its glory. "Mitich Istomin led a lively conversation with a link and sometimes" in the words of the poet expressing ", it was started to declare poems. Nikolai Gagarin did not move away from Marina and was in some kind of excited state. Poor Olga only watched a common fun, not participating in it. She only entered his impressions into the diary: "Aunt Lida and Mom are very happy and revived by the resurrection of the former little less."
Next year, there have been much more events worthy of mentioned in family papers of the Prince of Trubetsky. Olga Nikolaevna, having arrived in Mounch from Crimea in mid-May, felt here at home. Goinging for several days to the estate of Brother Peter Nikolayevich "Narrow", she recorded in the diary: "There is no small small village in a narrow, there is no smell with blooming meadows, but in the morning there are no such bright and cool corners on the terraces in the mounted Neither this beauty colors, wealth, brightness of paints and an extraordinary aroma of roses, carnations, amers ".
The main monthly event of 1894 was the celebration of the 17th anniversary of the Marina sister. Preparing for it began ahead of time, in a few weeks. Most more than usual in this summer in Menshovo Uncle Peter Fedorovich Samarin, took preparation for the celebration of the celebration, in his hands. Despite age, he personally drew and cut out transparencies, glued paper balloons and lights for illumination. He compiled a scenario on which a solemn event was to occur, including a performance. But the time remained little and took the first comedy "confusion". The performance should involve: Olga, Varvara and Grigory Trubetsky, Sergey Jerinov. Uncle Petya Samarin took the role of Lacey. Three days before the celebration began rehearsals. All small inhabitants lived a few days waiting for this holiday, looking at the sky. And this summer was unusually rainy and everyone was afraid that it was raining again, a special day.
Finally, on August 16, 1894, guests began to go to mines. Brothers Peter and Ivan Raevsky, Vladimir Jerins, Dmitry Istomin, Brothers, Princes Eugene and Sergey Shcherbatov, Prince Nikolai Gagarin. The weather was magnificent and smeared flags and lights in the garden for illumination. But by the end of the day again charged the loose rain and everyone hurried to hide in the house. But on this evening the general rehearsal of the performance was scheduled. All guests so as not to spoil the impressions of the upcoming idea sent to the room on the second floor. And the rehearsal passed in the hall where the scene was installed. Tired of troubles, owners and guests went to bed early, anticipating tomorrow's holiday. Marina was delighted, and no rain could spoil her mood.
In the morning on August 17, everyone gathered to go to dinner in Vorobyevo, but she was canceled. Then the lottery was announced. Dad won a knitted wool hat, immediately put her on her and walked around the house telling everyone how his head would warm in winter. The weather mocked the inhabitants and guests of Menshov. The sun was shining and gotten, it was hidden behind the rain clouds, of which it raged the cold rain. Young people used the moments when it was sunny, and fled from home to play tennis. Peter Fedorovich was subjugated by playing a tote. I immediately forgot about the rain, and a gambling game began in which he did not regret herself. As a result, Petya Raevsky and Zhenya Trubetskoy turned her legs. For the remaining in the house, a shaman was poured on the balcony.
Mary Golitsyn with her husband arrived at breakfast. They were heard among the best dancing organizers at Moscow home balas, and they were met with great pleasure. Last guests arrived at dinner: from the neighboring Vorobyevo estate of his mistress Varvara Sergeevna Yershova, and from Moscow, the husband of Sisters Antonina - Fyodor Samarin. From the letter Lidia Alekseevna Lopukhina follows that the festive lunch ended with two shots from the gun. But what was it for the gun and from where it was taken by Trubetski, could not be installed.
At lunch, he followed the performance and the adults that did not participate in it retired to the room for the card table - to play the screw. The performance was successful, the actors enjoyed the game, and the audience laughed over them. The Grisch acting on the main role of Grisha was especially good. Petr Fedorovich, who fulfilled a small role of Lacey, went out to go as a real artist and he clapped the most. After the performance, the actors were also sanging and parlengths dedicated to Marina.
After the performance, everyone went to the garden, peeling with lanterns. The priests from neighboring churches were arrived at the illumination: Prokhorovskaya and Akulininskaya. The latter, brought with him all his family. Lydia Lopukhina was surprised in the letter: "What a thirst for pleasures should be returned to such weather at night and just swim, because they say to a sharulinino solid river." The illumination in the view of Taunt Lydia passed very unsuccessfully: "The rain was painted so much, in addition, during the performance they ran candles from the lanterns." But everyone liked the youth, they were enthusiastic with the beauty of the casual alley and walked until 11 o'clock in the evening.
Completed the holiday ball. The scarmecake brought to the hall and dance began, in the view of Outdated Aunt Lydia, similar to the launion. On Mazurka, Marina received a large number of gifts, Peter Fedorovich Samarin, was awarded the main gift - a precious brooch with a number 17. That's how the most memorable day of summer of 1894 was held in Menshov. After him, the guests began to leave Menthoto. On August 27, Mom and younger sisters left in the Crimea, and the dacha remained dad, aunt Lida, Olga and Grisha. And from September Olga Trubetskaya remained at least alone. Since spring, she took up garden and flowers. Taking themselves into the assistants of the man Gavryushka, she got silent in the garden, and not sorry for old trees, put into order in it. In the fall, Olga Nikolaevna started a small restructuring, or rather a new extension to the house. Dad and from this year somehow moved away from the economic affairs and sons Sergey and Eugene in the correspondence among themselves, worrying about his financial condition, consulted how to help him.
Unfortunately, Princess Olga Nikolaevna Trubetskaya brought the chronicle of his family only until 1894 and the details of the stay of Trubetski in Menshim from 1895, few are known. However, in subsequent years, members of the Trubetsky family continued to come to Mounc. Moreover, the Trubetsky family began to grow at the expense of the children born, who in the summer was simply needed by fresh rustic air. Sergey Nikolaevich, from marriage with Prince Praskov, Vladimirovna Obolenskaya (1860-1914), had children: Maria (1888-1934), Nikolai (1890-1938) and Vladimir (1891-1937). . By the way, Princess Praskovya Vladimirovna accounted for by the granddaughter of the prince Andrei Petrovich Obolensky, his native brother of the former owner of the village of Litzov's prince Ivan Petrovich Obolensky. So, after marriage, the representative of the princely family of Obolensky returned to his generic victor.
Another brother Evgeny Nikolayevich, in 1889 he married the princess of faith Alexandrovna Shcherbatova. They also had children: Sergey, Sophia and Alexander. To replace the youngest children of Nikolai and Sofia Trubetsky, their grandchildren came to the children's rooms of the Men Ashore. The daughters of Nikolai Petrovich, coming out married, went into their homes. But at the invitation of the grandfather and grandmothers, grandchildren: Princes of Trubetsky and Gagarins, Lopukhins, Samarins and Osorgina, accompanied by their parents, visited them and in the estate near Moscow.
In 1895, Lidia Alekseevna Lopukhin died and the Menchovskaya estate completely passed into the possession of Nicholas and Sofia Trubetsky. However, they shortly managed their beloved near Moscow estate. On July 19, 1900, Prince Nikolai Petrovich Trubetskaya passed away from the rupture of the heart, died. And the next year his wife's princess Sophia Alekseevna Trubetskaya died.
Together with them left the life and their peers who came to swim in Menshimo.
A remarkable personality, repeatedly visiting Trubetski in their estate, was their far relative Peter Fedorovich Samarin (1831-1901). After completing the Faculty of Faculty of Moscow University, he entered the civil authority. During the Crimean War, Peter Fedorovich entered the army and participated in hostilities. After the announcement in 1861, the manifesto on the liberation of the peasants, Peter Samarin threw the service and dedicated himself to the arrangement of peasants. He was the first world mediator in the Bogorodsky district of the Moscow province. He endowed his own peasants much more than the manifesto followed. He was the Tula provincial leader of the nobility. In 1880, Petr Fedorovich moved away from public affairs, lived in Moscow and with his estate of the Youth of the Epifanic County of the Tula province. It was a clever, educated, well-read man who had a big erudition, which heard an expert and lover of art. He belonged to a rich collection of rare etchings and engravings. His meeting of Rembrandt's work was especially famous.
Peter Fedorovich Samarin was closely familiar with Lvom Nikolayevich Tolstoy. Their acquaintance, grew into friendship, occurred in 1857. In 1860, Samarin often came to Tolstoy to his Tula estate "Clear Polyana". Lev Nikolayevich, 1860-70, caused response visits to the young people. And they agreed on the basis of general hobby hunting. But they differed on their lives differ dramatically. Commonly, their conversations ended with the quarrel. While they were young, they found the strength to forgive each other. But with age, impatient to the stranger principles was aggravated. In 1881, another dispute about the death penalty broke out in the Casual Polyana. Peter Samarin rolted for the fact that the participants of the murder of Emperor Alexander 2 should be executed. Lion Tolstoy was categorically against. There was an unpleasant scene, after which the relationships of friends got out. They continued to meet, but according to the records in the diary, it was clear that Lev Nikolayevich no longer considered Samarin his friend. Petr Fedorovich Samarin became the prototype of Sakhatov - Hero of the Comedy Leo Tolstoy "Fruits of Enlightenment"
The estate of Menshima passed into the possession of their eldest son of Prince Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy. By this time, he had achieved great success in his career. In the year of the death of his father, he defended his doctoral dissertation at Moscow University and was appointed an extraordinary professor at the Department of Philosophy. Then he became one of the editors of the magazine "Issues of Philosophy and Psychology". Brothers Sergey and Evgeny Trubetsky, at the beginning of the 1900s became one row with outstanding philosophers of that time. The elder brother entered the history of Russian philosophical thought as the author of his own original concept, which he himself called the "theory of specific idealism." Sergey Trubetskova created the fundamental works on the history of antique philosophy, ontology, gnoseology and cultureologists.
Sergey Nikolaevich scientific and teaching work combined with great public activities. From the very beginning of folding in Russia of the liberal movement, he actively participated in its formation. In 1902, he became an ordinary professor of his native university and received the rank of Stat adviser.
In September 1905, Dr. Philosophy Sergey Nikolaevich Trubetskoy became the first selected rector of Moscow University. It was at that time that the folk formation and revolutionary unrest took place in Russia. Students always actively participated in manifestations, and the university closed several times. All these experiences affected the young rector. September 29, 1905, after a rapid discussion in the office of the Minister of People's Enlightenment of Reforming University Education, Sergey Nikolayevich died from hemorrhage into the brain.
The prince of Evgeny Trubetskaya served in Demidovsky Lyceum. In 1893, he was invited to teach the University of Kiev. About ten years of his life is connected with Kiev. Here he actively engaged in scientific work and became a professor of philosophy. During these years, Evgeny Nikolayevich rarely visited Mounc. The summer months, he with his homework, spent in the "Nare" - Moscow region of the father of his wife, Prince Shcherbatova, located in the Virake district of the Moscow province. In 1906, Evgeny Nikolaevich moved to Moscow. But after the move, he and his family were rarely in Mounc. They had their own estate in the Kaluga province and the county - Beguichevka. There is a family of Evgenia Nikolayevich and spent most of the summer.
The younger brother of Gregory, finishing the History and Philology Department of Moscow University, chose his diplomat career and entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Having received an appointment to the post of attache of the Russian Embassy in Constantinople, by 1901 Grigory Nikolaevich has already become the first secretary of this embassy. According to some reports, he held diplomatic posts as well in Vienna and Berlin. If during the years of service abroad, he comes on vacation to Russia in the summer, then no doubt visited his parents and brother Sergey, who lived in Menshim.
After the death of Prince Sergei Nikolayevich, the estate on the shores of Rugs was left for his family, and Praskovye Vladimirovna passed to his wife. In the Archive Foundation, Prince N.P. Trubetsky, some miracle remained a book with annual reports on the estate grounds for 1903-1910. From this book, you can learn about the income and expenses of the landlord of this estate. For all these years, expenses have always exceeded income, that is, this near Moscow estate was unprofitable. Money was spent on salary: control, gardener, cook, shepherd, water carrier and worker. In addition, "Harci" was purchased on landlords, insurance was paid for, subsidy (taxes) were paid, paid for the execution of rural works, repair of the house and other buildings, as well as furnace heating. The revenue part was credited to the money reversed for: selling livestock (calves, foals) and renting horses. On the Lord's fields were grown: rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes and cabbage. Perhaps part of the crop was sold and the amount reversed from this was also included in the income. Do not gentlemen were engaged in economic issues, but the manager hired by them, which was the annual reports. Most likely, the owners of the estates were dissatisfied with their managers, since in the reports for these eight years three surnames are mentioned: until August 1907 there were boltukhov, then the jesters, and from August 1909, Mosalsky.
From the memories of Son Sergey Nikolayevich - Vladimir, released in print called "Score of Kirassira", it is known that Trubetskaya and after the family tragedy of 1905, continued to spend the summer months in the Menchowskoye manor. Vladimir Sergeevich so recalled 1911 in this Moscow region estate. "Summer, as usual, the whole family was conducted in the near Moscow estate Menshov, where I was practiced in a semi-tore survey of the area with the help of the acquired Menzula, guided by the Topography Topography of Baron Brinken.
Given the upcoming service, in the summer I daily gradually went to the horse, bought from the Cossack from the "his own majesty convoy". It was a small, but very huge slot of the horse, to which I was from the boy and the style of the sake of myself sliced \u200b\u200bthe tail and excitement of the mane, giving the horse a stupid English view and, besides, calling her PIF-Paf. At this Mustang, I was terribly chopped and did rather stupid frills and all sorts of focuses, seriously imagining that I comprehend the highest cavalry wisdom. All local and even remote ditches and fences I jumped on the poor mutual tube. Jumping with so much in vain, but with such hobbies and heart, which brought the unfortunate cattle before the banner and slightly until the complete breakdown of the front limbs. So I was preparing for the service in Connection. In the family, I, of course, began to consider an already wonderful cavalister. ...
In general, the summer of 1911 passed for me quietly, without events. It was the last summer that I lived at my mother, and I did not drive anywhere from Menshov, with the exception of two trips to the Kaluga province to the bride, which everything was so dusty. "
And after 1911, the manor house of Trubetsky, all the summer months were filled with their numerous relatives. Only since 1914 the situation in the estate could change. This year, the owner of the estate of Princess Praskovya Vladimirovna Trubetskaya died. At the same time in 1914, the First World War began. Unfortunately, there is nothing known about this period of life of Trubetsky family. But it may well be that the estate in Menshim continued to appear a kind of center, where young members of the noble aristocratic surnames came with pleasure: Trubetskiy, Lopukhin, Obolen, Samarine, Gagarin, Osorgic, Capnists, Mansurov, and other family owners. The Great Fracture, who put everything from his legs to the fate of Russia, changed the flow of life and in this cozy corner of the Moscow region. After the October Revolution of 1917, the manor of Trubetsky near the village of Menshimovo came to the launch.
The fate of the members of this princely family has developed in different ways. Having moved in 1906 from Kiev to Moscow, Evgeny Nikolaevich Trubetskaya served as a professor of Moscow University. He had a recognized authority in the field of law philosophy. Evgeny Trubetskoy was an active publicist and defended the idea of \u200b\u200bindependence of the church from the state. His philosophical works are known in modern times. In addition to scientific work, he was engaged in politics. In 1907-1908, Evgeny Nikolayevich consisted of the State Council. Trubetskoy participated in the organization and activities of a number of scientific societies: psychological at Moscow University, the religious and philosophical society. Vl. Solovyov and others; less well-known. He was the initiator and participant of the Path publishing (1910-17). In 1918, he, for obvious reasons, had to flee from Moscow to Ukraine, first in Kiev, then Odessa. Together with the officers of the Volunteer Army, he moved to Novorossiysk, where he died in 1920, from Tifa.
His younger brother Grigory Nikolaevich, in 1906 he returned from abroad, where he held diplomatic positions. Together with my brother, from 1906 to 1910, he edited the socio-political magazine "Moscow Weekly". In 1912, Grigory Trubetskaya returned to the diplomatic service and was an adviser to Middle Eastern affairs. In 1915 - 1915, he was the Russian Messenger in Serbia. In 1917 - 1918, Grigory Trubetskova was a member of the "Local Cathedral". In 1918, he left the Bolshevik Moscow to the south of Russia, where in the government of Denikin, he served the head of the Office of Confessions. As part of the government of P.N. Wrangel, replaced by PB Strew, responsible for external intercourse. In 1920, Grigory Nikolayevich emigrated from the Crimea abroad, first to Austria, then France. He participated in the political life of Russian emigration, collaborated with publications of foreign Russian press. Prince Gregory Nikolayevich Trubetskoy in 1930, in the suburbs of Paris died.
In conclusion of the story about the owners of the estate of Menshimovo, we mention the children of Sergei Nikolayevich Trubetsky, who also held their childhood and youth here. Nicholas's eldest son, following the example of his father and Uncle, in 1908 he entered Moscow University, at the Historical and Philology Faculty. Prior to that, he was fond of ethnography, folkloristic, linguistics, history and philosophy. After completing in 1912, training in the comparative language department, Nikolai Sergeevich was left at the Department. Gradually, he was published in a number of leading Russian linguists, folklinists and Slavymenov. The October Revolution did not contribute to his classes in science, and he moved from Moscow to the south, and then, in 1920 he emigrated from Russia to Bulgaria. Here he led scientific and teaching activities at Sofia University as a professor. The last years of his life, Nikolai Sergeyevich Trubetskaya spent in Austria, where he served as a professor of Slavs at the University of Vienna. He did not engage in politics, but nevertheless, the Soviet power considered him his enemy, as well as the fascist gestapo. Numerous searches in his apartment, withdrawing his work, the threat of arrest, brought him to the grave.
The author of Memoirov "Notes of Kirassira" - Vladimir Trubetskaya, who had a big family, could not leave abroad and remained to live in Soviet Russia. All property was selected and he had to survive more, and not live. In the time of NEP, there was a temporary improvement, and Vladimir Sergeevich, under the pseudonym V. Vometov, began to publish his stories in the magazine "World Ways". But the scary 30 years have come. The magazine was closed, and one of his authors - Vladimir Trubetskoy, in 1934, together with his family was exiled to the distant Andijan. He was accused of connection with the Zapodnoy Monarchic Center, whose head allegedly his elder brother, emigrated from Russia Nikolai Sergeevich Trubetskoy. Later, the accusation was changed, and the former prince turned out to be a "member of the National Fascist Organization". It is there, in Central Asia, Vladimir Sergeevich, and wrote, of course not for printing, but for his native memories of "Score of Kirassira". In the summer of 1937, Vladimir Trubetskova was arrested. Further fate to predict is not difficult. In this scary year, the lives of several million former nobles, priests and ordinary people, who fell suspicion of Soviet power fell into whom.
The elder sister Maria Sergeyevna, in 1910 married Apollinaria Konstantinovich Jreptovich-Buteneva. Most likely, after 1917, they left Russia.
Mouncent peasants.
The story about the life of the peasants of the village of Menshimovo as well as the village of Akulinino and the village of Colinischevo, let's start with the time when they began to appear surnames, that is, from the 1870s. During these years, obstacles of the village began to make up the obstitions of the Podolsky county. By the way, it was in 1870 that these settlements were part of the newly formed Shebantsevsky parish. The lists indicated the head of the family, the size of the hut and other buildings (rings, sheds, barns), the number of workers and the relationship of local peasants. In the village of Menshov, 15 families were recorded, of which only four chapters had surnames. This is Vasily and Ivan Fedorovichi Yachmenyev, who lived every courtyard, Alexey Stepanovich Frolov and Andrei Vasilyevich Buscharin. The village of Akulinino consisted of 27 yards, but the last name had only had one peasant Sergey Ivanovich Lisenkov. Kabak had in the village. He was kept in the house of the landless, the former yard Gavrila Abramovich. He himself lived in employees from the owners, and the house passed under the Kabak, Podolsky Misdenin, Ivan Petrov. For 25 rubles. According to the village of Columnishevo, such lists have not yet been found. All houses in these villages were one-story, wooden, indoor straw.
Mouncental rural society bought its lands from the landlord only in 1877. Until this time, the residents of the villagers were considered temporary obligations, and using the land allocated to them, continued to work out from the former landowner to the Barechina and pay him the lifts. At the time of the redemption of the Earth, 48 audit souls were listed in mines. The land repurchased by him was not yet divided between the children of the landowner and belonged to the princess Sophier Alekseevna Trubetskaya, Lydia, Alexander, Boris, Sergey, Maria and Olga Alekseevncham Lopukhin and Emily Alekseevna Kopnis. The share of rural society was assigned to the authorized literacy: the estate land - 2 decishes 2294 of the soy; Pashnya - 118 dec. 1794 soot.; Senokosov - 16 dec. 360sazh.; Shrub - 1 dec. 1320Sezh.; Under rivers and crudges - 2245 soot.; Under the roads and street - 1 dec. 1032 soot.; TOTAL 141 DES. 1845 soot .. In addition, for him, in the empty of the bike: Pashnya - 12 dec. 1536 soot; Senokosov - 3 dec. 524 soot.; Shrub - 4 dec. 1200 soot.; Under the river - 720 soot.; Total 20 dec. 1580 SAZH .. A total of 162 testers of 1025 sages, with all the buildings on them, were allocated.
In 1889, a statement with a description of the household of the peasants began to be drawn up on the volution of the Podolsky county. This time it was associated with the insurance of peasant property. In addition to the description of the hostesses and economic buildings, these lists indicated and the existing homemade cattle peasant. By this time, most of the peasants were already recorded with the names. In the village of Menshov, there were 17 courtyards for that year, on which 47 wooden buildings were located. And owned them the family of peasants: pain (2 Semia), Morozovy, Busharov (2 families), barley (3 families), Grigoriev, Frolov (2 families), Mironovy (2 families), Lavrentov (2 families), Rodionov. Three Yachmen family lived in the village, who were relatives but lived separately, each had his own yard.
In the village of Akulinino that year in 25 yards were 110 wooden buildings. Local residents wore surnames: Queen, Romanovs, Lisenkovy (2 families), Borisov (2 families), Kuznetsov (2 families), Loverev, Bright, Pogoty, Tikhonov, Monks (3 families), Yermakov, Shmarina (2 families), Sinitsyna , Newcomers, boronovye, brought, seedmashkovy. In the village of Colinischevo, in 15 yards, there were 78 wooden buildings belonging to peasant families: meat, cheekmarev, chukhanovy, leon (2 families), chichache, semantic, colobask, throat.
In 1888, the owner of the estate of Menshimovo Lidia Alekseevna Lopukhin decided to resume the flight signs and the elimination of the peasant one in the country of the village of Smolsov. But she did not herself, but he issued a power of attorney at the secret advisor, Prince Nikolai Petrovich Trubetsky. Apparently between landowners and peasants arose disputes about the use of the Earth. In 1889, the disputed land was measured. The case came to the trial, according to which in 1892, the Earth was awarded to the Mounci peasants. The landowners with such a decision did not agree and filed an appeal in the superior instance. How ended the case is not yet established.
By the beginning of the 20th century, in the village of Akulinino, the inhabitants - 202, in Mounch - 108, in Columnishevo - 97. In 1911, part of the land near the village of Akulinino belonged to the owner of Vorobyevskaya estate V.I. Ershov. In the same year in the village of Akulinino there was a Zemskaya school. The guardianship of Major General Elena Mikhailovna Yershova. Teacher Agrippina Aleksandrovna Morozova. Lawtutor Priest Nikolay Kalugin
Mentrans during the years of Soviet power.
Dana Telegram Shebantsevsky Executive Committee on taking measures to protect the estate "Menshim". Of artistic values, in addition to the mythological satin, even previously donated to the university, nothing was found.
