The regional economy is structurally related to mesoetics and is a special economic education, the complexity of which is manifested by the plurality of forms.

Regional economy - This is a branch of economic science, which studies the territorial organization of production. It describes the economic phenomena and processes associated with the market development of the economy of individual regions and their inclusion in a single economic space. Therefore, the purpose of researchers is, on the one hand, the definition of common features inherent in the regions, on the other, the identification of the specifics of each of them and on the basis of the results obtained developing a specific program for their further integrated development.

There are two main approaches to the analysis of the regional economy presented in Scheme 69.

Scheme 69..

Main approaches to the regional economy.

If the worldwood and geopolitical approaches are actively used in the sciences such as the global economy and political science, then the territorial-reproductive approach occupies an important place in the national economy. In the conditions of an administrative and distribution system based on the principles of the priority of sectoral management, the regional economy was the weakest link. Evidence of this is the lack of complexity in the development of many regions of Russia, serious imbalances between various elements of economic, social and natural systems. In connection with the formation of a multi-way economy, new economic relations, the radical change of the entire management system faced the task of developing a new mechanism for managing the socio-economic development of the region. The creation of such a mechanism should be based on the theory of regional reproduction - on the study of the laws of public reproduction and their manifestation at the regional level. The reproductive approach to the management of the socio-economic development of the region means the need to manage relationships and dependencies between all elements of the regional system, ensuring the effective development of the regional economy and the growth of the well-being of the population.

The initial concept of the theory of regional reproduction is the concept "region". In scientific literature and in everyday practice, such concepts as the territorial system, the regional economy, the area, etc. are used as the synonyms of this term, and others. However, their content has certain differences.

In the economy, where the territorial unit is an object of management decisions, and these decisions themselves can be accepted at various levels of the management system - federal, regional (Republic, region, region), municipal, are needed greater unity and severity at the country's zoning and legislative and legal consolidation of status Each level. It is not by chance that within the framework of the European Economic Community, the concept of the region has been developed common to all countries. At the same time, a sign, according to which one or another territory can be represented as a relatively independent unit, its socio-economic unity with the whole national economy is served, that is, the economic processes flowing on it should reflect certain patterns of public reproduction that are influenced by interrelated economic, social and natural factors. In this sense, the region appears as a territorial specialized part of the national economy of a country characterized by the unity and integrity of the reproduction process. Thus, the words "region" and "territory" should relate as part and the whole. The concepts of the "district" and "region", denoting a part of the common territory, are in a broad sense synonyms and are used in relation to some limited part of the space.

In the territorial system of Russia, several regional structures can be distinguished.

1. The structure formed in accordance with economic zoning on the basis of the territorial division of labor. The territory in this structure has a certain specialization in a single process of public reproduction and its specific features. Territorial division of labor - This is an objective process of industrial specialization, the separation of economic regions, the development of inter-district cooperation, the exchange of products and services. It determines the basic laws and forms of the territorial organization of production.

2. The structure corresponding to the criterion of the national-state device and defining in accordance with the Constitution of the country a set of equal constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

3. Regional structure reflecting the territorial administrative structure of each subject of the federation. It is determined by the specifics of population settlement and the complexity of centralized management of socio-economic processes in the extensive territory of the state.

4. Areas of implementing regional integrated programs. Their implementation causes serious shifts in the territorial proportions of the placement of the productive forces and the formation of special regions.

These regional structures are shown in Scheme 70.

Scheme 70.

Regional structure of the territorial system of Russia.

The purpose of the regional economy is to ensure a high level and quality of life of the population of the relevant region. Regional economy should be based on the use three basic principles: First, careful taking into account the needs of the population of the region, the state and dynamics of the formulated markets, the interests of the state and individual enterprises; secondly, creating conditions for the maximum adaptation of the structure of the region's economy to internal and external factors; Thirdly, the active implementation of regional interests.

It is advisable to allocate several functions of the regional economy shown in Table 30.

Table 30.

Functions of the regional economy.

12.2. Problems of classification of regions

Many approaches to the analysis of regional problems, the concept of the region and its functions determined the presence of a huge number of regions classifications. There are no identical regions, there are a long time developed and recently mastered, there are central and peripherals, there is, where population population is growing, and there is - where it falls, the population of older age groups prevails, in others, the proportion of young people. The regions differ in the level of saturation by the productive forces, social structure, the presence of raw materials base and minerals, the distance from the highly developed industrial, cultural and metropolitan centers. It is possible to classify the regions by the sources of the main specialization of production: agro-industrial, transport and industrial, nautical industrial, fissure industrial, gas industry and others.

Most often, the following criteria are based on the classification of the regions: the level and pace of economic development, the type of territorial structure, the population density ratio, the growth rate of the population, the nature and coefficient of production specialization, etc. Currently, in connection with the rapid entry of regions to the market, is expressed A new classification criterion, namely, the capacity of the market of any territory. It is known that the market volume is inextricably linked with the degree of specialization of social labor, i.e. the division of labor. The deeper the public division of labor, the stronger the cooperation links between enterprises of any territory, the deeper the integration.

In economic science there are other approaches to the classification of regions. For example, in industrialized countries of the West, it is customary to allocate:

1. depressive regionsdemonstrated in the past relatively high pace of development;

2. staging regions, distinguished by extremely low or "zero" pace of development;

3. pioneer regions or regions of new development;

4. microregions or primary economic regions;

5. economic regions of the first order (or general), forming schemes of the country's regional maternity;

6. software (planned) regions - Regions on which targeted development programs and the contours of which do not coincide on the territory with the regions of this mesh;

7. unique regionsassociated with the implementation of large buildings (Project Regions) or characterized by extremely low levels of development (Problem regions).

In modern Russia, the problem regions receive special importance in connection with the continued crisis. Among them usually allocate:

- Low-eyed: North Caucasus, Mari El, Altai, Tuva, Pskov and Astrakhan regions.

- Depressive: Northwest, Central, Volga, West Siberian, East Siberian

- Cross-border: Kaliningrad region, Primorsky Krai, North Caucasus.

- Environmentally friendly: Murmansk region, Volga region, Ural, Kuzbas, Caspian Sea coast.

Due to the enormous differences in natural-geographical, economic and other conditions in the regions of Russia, regional reproduction processes are unique, their effectiveness is a necessary condition for the complex proportional development of the regional economy. The successful functioning of the regional economy depends largely on the possibilities and skills of the regional administration to make optimal solutions that take into account the interests of the center and regions. The level of development of the regions is due not to the forms of ownership, but by the methods of economic management, socio-economic relations, the rational use of regional advantages, the search for the methods of combining federal and regional socio-economic interests, which determine reasonable and effective regional economic policies.

12.3. Basic concepts, objectives and objectives of regional policy

The region today becomes the main subject of economic and political relations. It is very important in this situation to determine the specifics and priorities of the implementation of regional policies, taking into account the comparative advantages of a region, the peculiarities of its historical and cultural development.

Regional (Socio-Economic) Politics- the scope of state activities of the political, economic, social and environmental development of the country in the spatial, regional aspect and reflecting both the relationship between the state and the regions and regions among themselves.

The main objects of regional policies include: production (primitory), social (primarily a person as a representative of society, family, ethnos), monetary, etc. As subjects of regional management can act as specific representatives of state and regional Authorities and individual institutions, organizations and enterprises. Regional policies are closely related to regional development - a change in the internal socio-economic structure of the region.

Spatial differences in the provision of resources, the level of economic development and the quality of life of the population, infrastructure equipment, in the environmental state of the environment, the severity of national and social conflicts are inherent in almost all countries regardless of their position in the world. The goals and objectives of the regional policies of various states may not coincide and vary within different limits. However, there are common goals inherent in regional policies of all countries. These include: the creation and strengthening of a single economic space and ensuring the economic, social, legal and organizational foundations of statehood; relative alignment of the conditions for the socio-economic development of the regions; priority development of regions with particularly important strategic importance for the state; Maximum use of natural, including resource features of the regions; Preventing environmental pollution, environmentalization of regional environmental management, comprehensive environmental protection of regions, etc. In other words, modern regional policies are trying to unite the interests of federalism and regionalism.

Federalism - The principle of separation of political and economic powers between the federal, subfederal and local authorities.

Regionalism - approach to consideration and solving economic, social, political and other problems at an angle of view of the interests of the region.

As the global practice shows, in the conditions of the crisis economy between supporters of federalism and regionalism in regional policies, contradictions, expressed through the relationship between the Center-Peripheral (development "from above) and through" inside-peripheral diffusion "(bottom development), may arise. The tendencies of these interactions in modern Russia are shown in Scheme 71.

Scheme 71..

The regional policy of Russia is based on the specificity of the regions in the All-Russian structure, transferring the main directions of economic reforms to the regional level, the full support for local self-government and entrepreneurship, the solution of regional socio-economic problems, the rational use of natural resources. To achieve this goal, the regional policy is intended to perform the following main tasks:

- preservation of the unified domestic market of Russia, the unity of infrastructure of energy systems, transport, connections, a common monetary system, overall control over the export and import of products in the presence of freedom of economic, scientific and technical and other contractual relations between enterprises throughout Russia, free competition producers of different forms of ownership, free movement of goods and capital;

- improving the welfare of the population in each region, gradual alignment of the standard of living, the elimination of excessive contrasts in social conditions;

- expansion of horizontal relations between the regions, the formation of the labor market and interregional employment regulation, the creation of capital markets through the development of a system of joint-stock companies, stock exchanges, commercial banks, etc.;

- overcoming the general crisis and the reform of the economy;

- overcoming instability in politically, inter-ethnic tension and contradictory of the national-state system of Russia, etc.

The implementation of regional policies is closely related and with solving economic security issues.

Economic security of the region - This is a combination of conditions and factors characterizing the current state of the economy, stability, stability and the progress of its development. In general, the structure of regional economic security is presented as a complex of factors designed to provide prerequisites for its survival and maintaining its regional structures in a crisis and future development; protection of the vital interests of the country and its territories regarding the resource potential; creation of internal immunity and external protectedness from destabilizing effects; Competitiveness of the regions in the domestic and global markets and sustainability of the country's financial situation; Conditions and lifestyles, decent civilized person and the possibility of sustainable and normal reproduction of social processes.

To analyze regional security in the literature, it is proposed to use the system of indicators defining in the form of quantitative indicators of the parameters of social reality, non-compliance with which causes the transformation of potential threats to the violation of social equilibrium to real. A distinctive feature of safety indicators - their threshold value. The approach to their extremely admissible value indicates an increase in the threats to the socio-economic stability of society, and the exceeding the limit, or threshold values \u200b\u200b- on the public entry into the zone of instability and social conflicts, that is, a real undermining of economic security. Consider the values \u200b\u200bof some social indicators in Russia and the Primorsky Territory (Table 31).

Table 31.

The thresholds and the actual state of social indicators of economic security in the Russian Federation and the Primorsky Territory.

The threshold values \u200b\u200bof macroeconomic indicators presented in the table indicate that the situation in the country is extreme in nature, and therefore a system of targeted state measures is needed to prevent social cataclysms. An even more acute is the situation in Primorye, which proves the need to implement effective regional policies. The state of regional security clearly shows that the implementation of tasks aimed at strengthening economic federalism cannot be a unified approach to economic reforms focused on medium conditions. At the same time, the center of gravity should be shifted from general economic problems to the regional level, to assess the rationality of the development of individual areas within the framework of the Unified Economic Space of the State. Therefore, in the regional policy of developed states, the following aggregate of the coexisted measures is commonly used: determining the boundaries of the region, requiring support; Development of the concept of specialization of this region; Coordination of the activities of the subjects of the economy, which implement regional policies. Improving the efficiency of state regulation of regional development requires the revitalization of all management functions, especially forecasting and planning.

12. 4 Prediction of Regional Development

Forecasting regional processes is the most important and integral part of the complex management process. It is largely the economic, social and environmental consequences of regional development, the fullness of the use of labor, natural and material and material resources.

Forecasting - One of the forms of planned activity, consisting in the scientific anticipation of the state of the object of forecasting at a certain moment of the future, based either on the analysis of the trends in the socio-economic development of the facility for the corresponding period or on the use of regulatory calculations.

The basis of the regional forecasting methodology is the knowledge and use of those laws that act not only at the level of the entire state socio-economic system, but also at the level of its components. The structure of the regional forecast includes both aspects of reproduction and various levels of aggregation of production and resettlement in the region. The intercommunication of the entire spectrum of forecasts, taking into account the action of direct and inverse relations, provides a combination of a generalized regional forecast, on the basis of which the concept and strategic plan of the region is being formed. Development of regional forecasts is based on two universal approaches. The genetic approach justifies the directions of development on the basis of the achieved level of development of the productive forces of the region that have emerged regional problems. With a regulatory target approach, the path of development of the region is dependent on pre-formulated goals.

Forecasting regional development is based in accordance with the general principles of prognostics and territorial forecasting. Among these principles, systemic and consistency, variability and continuity, as well as verification (reliability and accuracy) of forecasts, are of particular importance. Territorial projections are used in the development of economic and social development schemes and the financial condition of the regions and their parts, the development and placement of industries, comprehensive (general) schemes for the development and placement of productive forces. Their need, especially for medium and long-term periods, is due to the long-term and complex nature of territorial problems, the great influence of macroeconomic policies on the formation of regional complexes and markets. The overall structure of the regional forecast is shown in Scheme 72.

Scheme 72.

The structure of a comprehensive forecast of the development of the region.

Forecasting is applied in areas where planning is inappropriate or impossible, but it cannot be replaced by planning.

Planning - The method of implementing the economic and organizational function of the state and economic policy. An important part of the planning is programming. It is based on forecast developments and intended to prepare projects of targeted comprehensive programs.

The Commission is preparing proposals for the definition of priority areas for the development of regions, improving the monitoring of socio-economic development, to assist in the implementation of target programs for the development of territories. Taking into account proposals, the state may allocate regional credit quotas for investment programs. This quota is determined by the sum of the participation of the region in the production of products and in the country's credit resources:

where Q1 is the volume of production in the region; Q0 - production volume in the country; Cree - credit quota for investment programs; KVR - credit investments of banks of this region; KV0 - general credit investments of all credit banks; KVM - credit investments of local banks.

Regional targeted programming allows the federal center to actively influence the problem regions, to successfully decide both current and strategic objectives aimed at reducing differences in the level of socio-economic development of the regions. However, the programs existing in Russia still have significant drawbacks. The main ones are a weak substantiation of problem priorities, selection and efficiency of programs, the lack of proper inter-program linkage and coordination, insufficient development of areas of territorial and economic complexity and integration, poor control over the implementation, instability of financing.

Training tasks to the topic 12

1. In recent years, programs for the integrated development of regions have become developed in our country. Some authors offer a forecast to include development: first, Condratyev waves (50-60 years old), secondly, long-term forecast (20-25 years), thirdly, medium-term forecast (8-12 years), fourth, Short-term forecasts (3-4 years). Analyze what tasks are and what goals are being pursued on each of these stages?

2. The main directions of state economic policies are usually unambiguously refer to forms or direct regulation or indirect. However, regional policies are considered to be a sphere of mixed regulation. Explain this position.

3. Analyze the features of the relationship between the Far Eastern region and the center. On examples from periodic printing, discover the content of centrifugal and centripetal trends. Which of these trends in the current period get a dominant value? What consequences can develop these trends for the Primorsky Territory, the country as a whole?

4. How differ the main functional forms of regional policies: forecasting, programming, planning?

5. Analyze the content of the following passages. Determine which of the existing approaches to the regional economy they characterize:

a) "Having a direct connection with a problematic approach and being essentially a variety, it at the same time has an independent value. The central place in it occupies the study of phenomena of the interaction of subjects of public relations in the geographical space ";

b) "It has an important methodological importance in the study of the action of economic laws at the regional level. The relative separation of the reproduction cycle means not only the separation of the reproduction of a part of the total internal gross product within the boundaries of the region, but also the separation of the inherent in the region of contradictions and their concentrated expressions - complex regional socio-economic problems. "

6. Determine the amount of regional credit quotas for investment programs, if in some region the volume of production amounted to 42 billion rubles. The total volume of products in the country is 84 billion rubles. The total credit investments of commercial banks are equal to 2010 billion rubles, and the credit investments of banks in the country in the country's economy are 0.2 of this amount. In the regional economy, local banks have invested an amount equal to 180 billion rubles.

Test to the topic 12

Determine all the right answers.

1. Regional Economics is

a) science studying the rational placement of productive forces;

b) part of economic geography;

c) analogue of industry economies; d) part of the mesoeconomics.

2. The main reason for the low capacity of underdeveloped regions is

a) remoteness from the center of business activity of the country;

b) insufficient production and financial potential;

c) change in the geopolitical position of the country;

d) formation of the structure and infrastructure of the market

3. The industrially developed areas of the North-Western, Central and other region became depressive, since

a) had long-range production connections;

b) had a high concentration of military-industrial complex;

c) had a polyfunctional structure of the economy, which does not comply with the needs of the market;

d) turned out to be hostages of the developing non-payment system.

4. The reasons for strengthening the confrontation of the center and regions in Russia are

a) the lack of a clear regulation of the rights and obligations of the center and regions in official documents;

b) division of ownership for each level of management;

c) violation of the principles of economic independence of the regions and their relationship with the federal budget;

d) shifting the center of fulfilling social functions to regional authorities without proper financial support.

5. Regional policy is

a) a priority for the activities of local authorities;

b) system of relationship between the state and regions, as well as between the regions themselves;

c) policy equalization of differences in the level of socio-economic development of the regions;

d) a combination of the principles of federalism and regionalism.

6. Regional forecasting

a) is an integral part of indicative planning;

b) existed only in a centralized economy;

c) precedes regional target programming;

d) only by order of regional authorities

In the regional economy, the concepts are key territoryand region.

Territory- This is a limited part of the solid surface of the Earth, characterized by a certain area, geographical position and other signs. Categories that complement the concept territory are aquatorium (limited part of the water surface of the Earth) and aerotoria (part of the Earth's Air Shell,

correlated with a certain territory or water management). Concept uniting categories territory, water area and aerotore is a concept geotoria. In the future, if this is not specifically stipulated, we will use the term territory.

The heterogeneity of the territory on various features or an excessive amount of territory determines the need for its membership on the parts of the regions.

Come to the concept of the region

Region. Usually under region Meals holistic area of \u200b\u200bterritory distinguished by some homogeneity At its base, but not possessing clear boundaries. Initially, the term region Denototed territory separated by certain, characteristic features, for example, Siberian, southern region, etc.

Regionalization (separation of the whole territory of the country into components - regions). In order to generate national economic policies, there are following types regionalization:

1) macroregionalization, Outgoing from the division of the National Economy into certain zones in order to long-term planning the structure of productive potential. In accordance with this, the Eastern and Western economic zone is distinguished. For the western zone, the dominance of production in the engineering industry and the knowledge of the economy is characteristic. The eastern zone is focused on resource-producing and energy sectors. The main criterion of this kind of division is the generality of the prevailing specialization of economic activities, natural and resource potential. Each of them is an enlarged economic area, a holistic economic system;

2) mesoregionalization, Outgoing from dividing regions in accordance with the existing administrative structure - the subjects that are part of the Federation. They are functionally independent economic systems. There is also smaller meso-ignition - the allocation of sub-regional economic systems, which have a common specialization and close economic relations;

3) microheregionalization, coming from the allocation of local self-government and the corresponding rural, urban administrative districts, the total number of which is 4 thousand people. They represent the primary level of the national economy as a holistic system.

Thus, the term region Can be used in the following values:

-Administrative-territorial unit Unitary state or federation (municipality or subject of the federation).

-Economic and geographical areacomprising a combination of such administrative-territorial units.

-Territorial Unit of National Socio-Economic Space,characterized by the presence of a certain phenomenon or their totality.

We are in regional economy We operate mesoGionizationbecause In the structure of the National Economy of Russia, due to its federal state, there is a specific structural unit - region; This is a limited framework of the subject of the Russian Federation an economic system with interrelated economic processes in it.

So, in the regional economy under region the subjects of the Russian Federation are understoodincluded in the Russian Federation - relatively isolated administrative units and the corresponding socio-economic economic systems. In this case, the region's economy is part of the national economy that repeats it by the main functional characteristics. Allocation in the national economy of smaller units - the economies of the regions - makes it possible to develop and implement more efficient economic policies, as each region is distinguished by its specific features. Accordingly, the regional economy includes the regional specificity of the functioning of the national economy, including the investment process, human resources, quality of life, economic activity.

Region characterize the following criteria:

- geographic (location, territory value, resources, climatic conditions);

- demographic (number and density of the population, agent structure);

- production and functional (specificity of prevailing activities);

- urban planning (the nature of the development of objects of production activities, housing and maintenance);

- sociological (Norms of communication, behavior).

!!! Example. The gaming zone deployed to Kaliningrad is problematic.

Region - a holistic system with its structure, functions, connections with an external environment, history, culture, the living conditions of the population playing a decisive role in the functioning of the region. Study of public life in the region is possible only on the basis of structuring, i.e. Selection of subsystems whose joint functioning determines the dynamics of the development of the region.

Region - this is the territory in the administrative boundaries of the subject of the federation, characterized by: complexity, integrity, specialization and handling, i.e. The presence of political and administrative authorities.

Region as socio-economic system It may be represented by the total of five major subsystems, which include:

System-forming base;

System Service Complex;

Ecology;

Population;

Market infrastructure.

Attempting to allocate the main types of regions

Homogeneous region(homogeneous) It does not have large internal differences in significant criteria, for example, by natural conditions, population density, per capita income, etc. Obviously, a completely homogeneous region is an abstraction, in the reality of completely homogeneous regions can not be. The concept of a homogeneous (homogeneous) region has mainly conceptual and methodological significance.

Nodal region It has one or more nodes (centers) that bind the rest of the space. The region of this type is also called the central, polarized.

Software Region It is highlighted as a spatial system, on the territory of which some regional or nationwide tasks are implemented, and which becomes a particular control object in this regard. For example, this is the program of development of the Far East and Transbaikalia, the program of eliminating the consequences of the catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP.

In terms of socio-economic development Specialists of the Federal Offices of Russia and scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences allocate three groups of regions with qualitatively different characteristics of the state of the economy and the social sphere:

1) developed regions with a fairly high level of production and life of people;

2) regions with secondary economic potential;

3) Problem regions With a low level of socio-economic development - for example, the zones of the North, etc. in this group stand out depressive and backward regions. The current situation in such regions does not allow them to develop with a support only on their own economic resources, they require state support. These regions may not coincide with administrative-territorial units.

! . According to the classification of 2010 of the Ministry of Regional Development - highly developed, developed, medium-developed, less developed

! Not necessary!The abundance of approaches to the definition of the region, gave rise to an extreme diversity of classifications. Among them, 4 main groups can be distinguished.

1 group of classifications - These are simple regions allocated on single signs. In the regional economy, as such signs, most often advocated:

Volume of gross regional product;

Economic growth pace;

Type of territorial structure of the economy (polarized or homogeneous);

Population density coefficient;

The nature of the economic specialization of the region.

2 Group of Classifications- These are complex regions allocated on the basis of the totality of the signs. For example, the classification of regions conducted by the "Expert" magazine based on two integral indicators is widely known.

Investment potential I.

Investment risk.

3 Group of classifications- Based on the allocation of key regional development issues. Here, in particular, these types of regions can be distinguished as:

Depressive regions

Demonstrated in the past relatively high pace of development;

Staging regions

Characterized by extremely low or zero development rates;

Pioneer regions;

Regions of new development;

Software (planned) regions - regions to which target programs of socio-economic development and the contours of which do not coincide with the existing boundaries of territorial zoning.

4 Group of Classificationsit is carried out from the point of view of the possibilities of the region to carry out independent economic policies. Here, in particular, stand out:

- "planning" regions having unified bodies of economic management, and

- "planned" regions devoid of such bodies (for example, Central

Chernozem region, Volga-Vyatsky, Baltic, Volga).

Regions in understanding the regional economy (subjects of the Russian Federation) have governing bodies, i.e. refer to the first type.

The concept of economic space

Economic space - This is a saturated area that enlists the many objects and connections between them:

Settlements,

Industrial enterprises

Economically mastered and recreational squares,

Transport and engineering networks, etc.

Maintenance Characteristics of economic space :

- density (population, the volume of gross regional product, natural resources, fixed assets, etc. per unit area);

- accommodation(indicators of uniformity, differentiation, concentration, distribution of population and economic activity, including the existence of economically mastered and undeveloped territories);

- link (the intensity of economic ties between parts and elements of space, the conditions of mobility of goods, services, capital and people determined by the development of transport and communication networks).

For the functioning of economic space, the distances between its elements are important. Economic distance, in contrast to the physical, measured by kilometers, miles, etc., characterized primarily transport costs. Therefore, the economic distance between the same geographical points is unequal for different moved goods,

services, groups of migrants.

Each region has its own internal economic space and communication with the external space.

In the Constitution of the Russian Federation fixed the main requirements providing unity of economic space Countries, including:

Guaranteed unity of economic space, free movement of goods, services and financial resources, protection of competition, freedom of economic activity not prohibited by law (Art. 8);

Preventing the establishment of internal customs borders, duties, fees and any other obstacles to the free movement of goods, services and financial resources (Art. 74);

Prohibition of the introduction and emissions of other money in Russia, except ruble (Art. 75).

Most countries of the world, except the smallest, have an inhomogeneous economic space. In this regard, Russia is particularly different, but even within the boundaries of the inhomogeneous economic space, special parts are distinguished - enclaves and exclaves.

Enclave - a separate area of \u200b\u200bthe territory, which in relation to the surrounding territory is distinguished by specific conditions (economic, financial, national cultural, etc.). Typical examples of enclave are free and offshore economic zones.

Exclave - It is separated from the main territory of the country its part. In the Russian Federation, the Kaliningrad region has all signs of an exclave.

Localitet- an elementary object of space (terrain - "small territory") with some one object. It can be a compact settlement, enterprise, communication, etc., i.e. Locality can be settled, industrial, transport, recreational, etc. Combine Locality Forms specific:

a) form of spatial organization of the economy,

b) Forms of spatial resettlement.

Forms of the spatial organization of the economy.

Industrial knot - a group of enterprises of various industries posted on a compact territory, built, as a rule, according to a single project and having common services and auxiliary facilities and structures (general facilities of the industrial and social infrastructure).

Saratov industrial knotit consists of petrochemical and mechanical engineering enterprises. The node includes a nitron union, a rubber product plant, a plant of sanitary equipment, a diesel plant and a number of other expandable and existing enterprises, including CHP.

Transport node - The intersection of transport communications, as a rule, combined with the concentration of production and the population.

Federal transport nodes: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Kaliningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk. Vladivostok.

Territorial production complex (TPK) - A significant territory where a group of interrelated enterprises and organizations constituting a single technological chain, comprehensively using natural resources and receiving an additional effect by reducing transport costs.

The TPK has a production specialization in the scale of interregional, national and even world markets. TPK are a typical form of economic development of new territories with rich natural resources. For example, that Bratko-Ust-Ilimsky and Sayansky TPKSpecialized in electric power, non-ferrous metallurgy and forestry. Other TPK - Timano-Pechora, West Siberian, Canco-Achinsky (Katk), Yuzhno-Yakut - are formed on the basis of unique natural resources.

Inter-sectoral territorial complex - integrated in the territory of sectoral production, which are included simultaneously in the national system of intersectoral formations and having a unified development program.

M.everybody industry industrial complexes covered the mining industry, ore-metallurgical, fuel and energy, machine-building, chemical, construction, light, etc.; agro-industrial - branches of crop and animal husbandry together with enterprises that processes agricultural raw materials and implement it. Same way - military-industrial complex etc.

Forms of spatial resettlement divided into urban and rural settlements.

Urban settlements They differ primarily by population. In Russia, population cities must be at least 10 thousand people., and other urban formations ( township villages) - at least 2 thousand people. So according to the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation, it is allocated:

Super-brook cities (over 3 million inhabitants),

The largest cities (from 1 to 3 million inhabitants),

Large cities (from 250 thousand to 1 million inhabitants),

Large cities (from 100 to 250 thousand inhabitants),

Medium cities (from 50 to 100 thousand inhabitants),

Small cities (from 10 to 50 thousand inhabitants).

Cities are mono- and (more often) multifunctional - Simultaneously concentrate industry, construction, transport, trade, finance, educational, health, culture, science, management, and the like.

Rural settlements More, reflect natural, historical, national cultural features of population. For the historical core of Russia is characteristic rustic style of settlementThe prevailing formation form. In the North Caucasus is Cossack Stunnyand Mountain Aules.In Siberia and the Far East - forest industrial and mining settlements.In the extreme north - reindeer and hunting villages.

Urbanization - The process of concentration of population and production in cities, which has its result the formation of systems of cities, absorbing a significant part of rural settlements and rural population. Reducing the rural population occurs as a result of its migration in the city, the inclusion of rural settlements in the city trait of growing cities, transforming the largest rural settlements in urban villages.

Reverse Process - surbitanizationor Desurbanization. The current trend of urbanization in developed countries is to move the most secured part of the population from urban centers in more comfortable suburbs and villages with good transport accessibility (suburbanization and disurbishment). In Russia, these processes are still in the initial stage.

Agglomeration - territorial and economic education, integrating industrial and transport hubs, communications systems, cities and settlements. Characteristic signs of agglomeration:

Arises on the basis of a major city (several cities) and creates a significant urbanization zone;

It has a high degree of territorial concentration of industry, infrastructure and population density;

Has a decisive impact on the economy and social life of the surrounding area;

Shows the high degree of complexity of the farm and the territorial integration of the population.

Examples are Moscow and St. Petersburg agglomeration.

The mergers of urban agglomerations form megalopolises, concentrating several tens of millions of people (Northeast Coast of the United States, the East-central coast of Honshu Island in Japan, etc.).

Concepts "Region" and "Economic District"

In English, the region and the area of \u200b\u200bsynonyms, but in the regional economy these are different concepts.

Economic district - This is a large territorial production complex that has developed on the basis of a large area, which differs from other parts of the country with a specialization in the national economy, a peculiar economic and geographical position, natural and labor resources. The economic district is characterized by the integrity of the territory, it is an inseparable part of the national economy of a country, which is influenced by the territorial division of labor from other territories by a certain combination of industries and agriculture.

Economic district - the holistic territorial part of the national economy of the country with its specialization and durable internal economic ties, the main link in the country's economic zoning system.

In modern Russian Federation, allocate the following economic regions: 1.Central (13 regions - subjects of the Russian Federation: Bryanskaya, Vladimirskaya, Ivanovskaya, Kaluga, Kostromskaya, Moscow, Orlovskaya, Ryazanskaya, Smolenskaya, Tverskaya, Tula, Yaroslavl region and Moscow)

2. Central black earth,

The regional economy is a system of social relations that have historically developed within the regions of the state, and is a set of interrelated links and connections that ensure its stability both on macro and micro levels and integrity. The regional economy requires determination in a wide and narrow aspects. In a narrow sense, it is nothing more than a complex of industries for the production of goods and the provision of services. In a broad sense, this is a system of not only production relations, but also forms and methods for organizing production and integrated regional management.

The introduction of market relations in the regions, as in the state in general, occurs in the struggle of the old and new on the basis of their combination and contradictions. The basis of contradictions is the attraction to the old year-wide development of industries, industries, technologies. The new structure of the region requires widespread use and rapid introduction of knowledge and experience through new production and services for the creation of competitive products and services. It is based on the introduction of new methods of management, the development of fundamentally different types of equipment and technologies that are not inferior to foreign analogues. Such a conceptual approach to old and new structures and systems both at the level of the regions and the state accelerates the death or reduction of the role of old relations and makes it possible to create new relations and relevant production, new areas of economic activity and management system.

Regional economy as a system covers production, financial, credit and public relations that arise and develop in the territory of a certain region.

The economic policy of the region is based on the economic leveling of cities and districts based on the specialization of production of both industrial and agricultural products due to the needs of the market and market relations. Therefore, for the development of production, such forms of organizing it both in enterprises and agriculture, which would comply with the content of market transformations, which requires significant support and development of those forms of organization that contribute to the development of production and its profitability.

In order to successfully developed the economy, and above all production, it is necessary:

Find organizational forms to introduce into the production of achievements of science and advanced technologies, create conditions for the development of all new and progressive;

Introduce new methods of production, energy-saving and resource-saving technologies, various forms of production organization;

Enter a clear system of measures to update equipment, attracting investments and on this basis to constantly improve the reproductive processes of production.

Economic reform requires the implementation of efficient and flexible regional policies. Unfortunately, the relationship between the center and regions, as well as interregional relations in Ukraine, continue to remain unresolved, which generates and exacerbates the phenomenon of economic disunity, the manifestation of disintegration processes. Actually, socio-economic non-marketability and pushes both political forces and national and regional authorities to confrontation on this basis.

Today, the largest disadvantage in the development of the foundations of regional politics is the insufficient use of a systematic approach, attempts to base it on chaotic and disorderly use of sporadic actions. That is why you first should determine what we understand under the concept of "regional policy". Of course, we are talking about the socio-economic regional policies in its two-way understanding. So, under regional policies, it should be understood, on the one hand, the practical activity of the state in all regions of the country should be clearly worked out in the legislative aspect, and on the other, the socio-economic policy, which is carried out on the basis of national regions themselves to achieve certain regional and Local goals.

World experience unequivocally shows that a rigidly centralized model of the territorial device and management leads to very negative consequences. It simply slows down the full development of the local economy, not allowing to solve the social problems of the regions. Hence, there is a need to conduct regional socio-economic policies, the strategic goal of which should be a significant increase in the living standards of the population of all regions of the country on the basis of the qualitative improvement in their use of resource potential, fundamentally new approaches to the development of productive forces, a fundamental improvement in the environmental situation. It is impossible to achieve this goal without the implementation of its two decisive directions. In spite of any regional features and differences in the levels of socio-economic development of the regions, the state, firstly, is designed to provide interregional unity of reproductive macroeconomic processes. This is the main appointment of its regional socio-economic policy. Secondly, it should create economic interests in the active socio-economic activities of the regions, seeking to ensure the strategic goal of the development, structural and qualitative renewal of the economy.

Develop and implement such a model of interregional development is very difficult. After all, they are not needed here, and real steps in development, on the one hand, integration processes between the regions of the country (the so-called links horizontally due to the deepening and development of specialization and cooperation of the regions), and on the other - steps to improve, systematize and deepen the vertical Relations, that is, the relations of the state itself with the regions on the basis of improving investment, scientific and technical, budgetary, tax, financial and foreign economic policies. Even the difficulty lies in Nezekozovanosti, and sometimes simply in the absence of a legislative mechanism for regulating the integration processes between the regions and their relationship with the state itself.

But it would not be enough to limit ourselves to those said, speaking of the goal of regional socio-economic policy. After all, if you understand the Economic area under the region, which is allocated within the country with its specialization and the structure of the economy, natural and labor resources, social and economic features, it is necessary to discuss the development and implementation of regional models of reproductive processes.

It is easier to break the regional priorities that have already developed and justified themselves, and nothing ultimately do not achieve. It is quite another thing - in an inextricable connection with the selected priorities to develop and deepen the territorial division of labor, to achieve the integrated use of the resource potential of the territories, develop modern infrastructure and local capital markets, labor, securities, new technologies. The whole point of truly scientific and efficient regional socio-economic policies is to organically connect the nationwide model of interregional development and territorial models of reproductive processes inherent in a certain territory.

As for the methods, methods and mechanisms, the binding of these two types of strategic development models, then their number should include: the development of stimulating (and not fiscal) state budgets and regional budgets of all levels, the use of balance methods for planning and forecasting and especially summary balance sheets as a national economy In general, both economic districts; The development and application of long-term and stable regulations of economic development, including those relating to investment activities both in national and regional aspects.

The concepts of "national economy", "National Economy Complex", "National Economics".

Traditional understanding - "national economy" is inherent to states and republics.

At the present stage, these concepts are also used to regions of subjects. For example, its government, ministries form in the area; Statistical authorities make statistical collections on the socio-economic development of the national economy.

The complex development of the region is a versatile, in proportion to the interconnected development of all industries (types of economic activity), ensuring the rapid growth rates of its productive forces and a high level of production efficiency.

The complex development and specialization of the area is the two sides of the public division of labor that are among themselves in close relationship. Each region has its soil, climatic, geomorphological conditions, natural wealth, labor skills and a geographical location that distinguishes it from other economic districts.

Comprehensive development means optimal, i.e. Economically most effective, proportionality of development of individual industries (types of economic activity) in its production specialization.

RF 1 11 111 1U

Non-manufacturing

Consumption 75 70 80 80 75

Accumulation 25 20 30 20 30

As can be seen from the scheme, in the 1st region, both indicators are below the average federal level, 11 - above, in 111-levels of non-productive consumption above the middle-federal, and accumulation is lower, in 1U - the level of non-productive consumption is lower, and the accumulation is higher. To simplify the calculations, we conclude the condition that all regions of the same type in the values \u200b\u200bof the positive balance (for example, 500 million units) and have the same population (for example, 2 million people). Then the actual contribution of the region (B) can be calculated by the formula:

B \u003d S ± KNP ± KN,

where S is the salary

KNP - adjustment of the regional level of non-productive consumption,

CN - adjustment of the regional level of accumulation.

The calculation for 1 region will be as follows: 75 - 70 \u003d 5 (on this number below the level of non-productive consumption),

5 × 2 \u003d 10 million units. (Recalculation of the entire population of the region),

25 - 20 \u003d 5 (for this number below the level of accumulation),

5 × 2 \u003d 10 million units. (Recalculation of the entire population of the region).

Then: B \u003d 500 - 10 - 10 \u003d 480 million units. Consequently, the actual intensity of the contribution of 1 region is less than the rally indicator, because Effect of the economy of the region is short-use. For other regions, the calculation results are as follows:

11B \u003d 500 + 10 +10 \u003d 520;

111B \u003d 500+ 10-10 \u003d 500;

1y B \u003d 500 - 10 + 10 \u003d 500.

As can be seen from the above indicators, even with the same values \u200b\u200bof the balance there are discrepancies in the intensity of the contribution of the region into the reproduction of social product. At the same time, not all regions may have a positive balance. In particular, this refers to the regions of the new development.

Consequently, the temporary intensity of the region's contribution may have a negative value. But this does not follow the conclusion about the high efficiency of the regions with large values \u200b\u200bof the positive balance and the absence of it in the regions with a negative value. After all, the redistribution of national income is carried out in a national interest, and not in the interests of one region. Therefore, the effectiveness of the contribution of the region is advisable to evaluate from a natural economic point of view. In the national exercise scale, the effect of the economy of the same regions is sent to the development of the wealth and development of other regions, i.e. The contribution is sent to the achievement of the future effect. In this sense, the region with the active intensity of the contribution to the redistribution of national income helps to increase the national economic efficiency of the national economy.

So, with other things being equal (relative to the average federal level of consumption and accumulation), the region is the greatest contribution to the reproductive process of the country, the region is introduced with the absolute value of a positive balance between the national and used national income (equal in the balance of interdistrict), the absolute indicators of the GNP, GDP (VRP). These indicators are used by us as the main in the quantitative characteristic of inter-district proportions in the national economy.

At the same time, at the present stage, both the level of theoretical design, and the insufficiency of the information base makes it difficult for comparative, interregional analysis and thereby a comprehensive socio-economic assessment of the effectiveness of territorial: proportions based on the above indicators. Given this to the analysis of the place and role of the territorial level in the national economic complex of the country, we are widely involved in interdistrict exchange. They provide the direct link between the region with others in the process of territorial division of labor. Cost and natural metabilities of the exchange are relatively easy to quantify and optimize and, therefore, represent a real reserve for improving the efficiency of the region's economy. Therefore, export (exports) and import (import) are accepted as one of the indicators of territorial proportions.

.The concept of the reproductive potential of the region.

The reproductive potential of the region is a comprehensive concept implied to consider the entire combination of currently existing relations between economic agents and their influence on the development of the region in the future. In the reproductive potential of the region, as in the regional product, natural and real and value structure are distinguished. The potential is revealed as power, the power of economic processes and systems. The word "potential" comes from Latin Potentia. This category is measured using one or two generalizing, capacious indicators.

2. Structure of reproductive potential. The structure of reproduction potential is wider than the structure of the balance of national wealth, which accumulates only the accumulated wealth and potential of resources. At the same time, labor resources and potentials are not taken into account in the balance sheet of national wealth: the product, investment, scientific and technical, recycling, financial, shadow, etc. Some elements of the potential of reproduction (for example, human potential) cannot be described or conditionally expressed in the value dimension.

…

Education

Health

…

Fig. Scheme analysis of the structure of reproductive potential

Lecture 8.

Competitiveness of the region and methods for determining competitiveness

What does the regional economy study?

The region is a certain territory, differing from other territories for a number of signs and has some integrity, the interconnectedness of the components of its elements. The word "region" - Latin origin in translation means the country, the region, the region.

2) The regional economy studies the economy of individual regions: objective prerequisites for the economic development of the region (geographical position, natural resource, demographic production capacity), the production structure, social sphere and living conditions, the system of resettlement and placement of the economy, the mechanism of functioning and management of the economy, etc. d.

Due to interregional economic relations, systems of interactive regions are formed, and the economy of each region becomes part of any one or more regional systems. A taxonomic hierarchy is formed. Therefore, the regional economy also includes regional economic systems, or a national economy as a system of interacting regions. The study of the placement of productive forces is traditionally included in the regional economy, and within the framework of the planning-administrative system, this problem was the dominant part of the regional economy. The subject of a regional economy makes sense to also have the study of regional aspects of economic life, including regional aspects of the economy of production, investment process, labor activity, standard of living, finance, etc.

3) Thus, the subject of the regional economy in a broad sense is complicated, multilateral. This is a set of economic relations arising in the process of forming and implementing the reproductive potential of the region in the regional management system. Its main components are:

Economy of a separate region;

Economic relations between the regions;

Regional systems (national economics as a system of interacting regions);

Placement of productive forces;

Regional aspects of economic life.

The object of the regional economy is regional reproduction processes as the subsystem of the national economic system, i.e. The object is the territorial organization of socio-economic processes. At the same time, it should be emphasized that regional economics and economic geography are engaged in the territorial organization.

The regional economy is different from economic geography, which studies the reproduction structure of the national economy in the territorial aspect, the management and organization of the national economy in space, i.e. Spatial features of the advanced reproduction process. The category "Extended reproduction" is the initial in relation to the category "Placing Productive Forces". The first assumes the second. Ignoring this position just leads to the duplication of the regional economy of economic geography. The regional economy forms its subject on the basis of the study of regional and interregional socio-economic phenomena from the standpoint of the theory of expanded reproduction in order to determine exactly the spatial aspects of general economic proportions. Only with this approach, the regional economy and economic geography can explore the same object - the territorial organization. Public activity of man, - not duplicating each other, just as, for example, anatomy and physiology are studying the structure of the human body and the functions of its organs. Economic geography answers questions: "What, where and why?". The regional economy answers the question: "How?".

The basic concepts of the regional economy.

The territory is a limited part of the solid surface of the Earth, characterized by a certain area, geographical position, and other signs. The concept of the territory is complemented by: water area (limited part of the water surface of the Earth), aerotoria (part of the Earth's air shell).

Zoning is dividing the territory to the regions. Types of zoning include:

Administrative and territorial division. Currently, the Russian Federation includes 89 (de Jura) - 85 (de fact) of subjects. Among the last 22 republics, 10 edges, 45 regions, 3 cities of federal subordination, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous districts, 1867 districts, 1091 city, 329 city districts (districts), 1922 urban-type village, 24444 Rural administrations. (The undergraduate must know the first 6 items on the map, and in the Republic of Bashkortostan - all cities (of them total - 21), towns of urban type (chisma, shelter), 9 urban districts (Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Kumertau, Agidel, Neftekamsk, Sibibamsk , Oktyabrsky, Mercigory), 54 administrative district);

Federal Districts (their 9: North-West, Central, Volga, South, North Caucasian (including republics: Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan and Stavropol Territory), Ural, Far Eastern, Crimea) . (The undergraduate should know the composition of each federal district). Functions: without affecting the main (constitutional) administrative-territorial division, are a form of strengthening the vertical of the management authorities;

Macroeconomic zones West (European part and Urals) and East (Siberia and Far East). Zone functions: strategic analysis and forecasting;

Large economic areas (they are 11: North, Northwest, Central-Industrial, Central Black Earth, Volga-Vyatsky, North Caucasian, Volga, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far Eastern). Functions: Statistical Observation Objects, economic analysis and forecasting and partial state regulation mainly in the form of coordination;

problem regions: backward (underdeveloped), depressive, crisis, are especially distinguished by cross-border.

St. Petersburg Academy

Management and economics

Faculty of Management

Specialty: 080504 "State and Municipal Management"

abstract

Discipline: Regional Economics and Management

Topic: "Subject of the Regional Economy"

Performed:

Group student 04-5b

Sapegin Elena Ivanovna

Teacher:

Noeva E. E.

Yakutsk 2011

Introduction ........................................................................................2

The subject and object of the regional economy .................................... 3

The concept of "region" and "Economic region" ..................................4

The main features of the regions ..........................................................5

Taxonomic units ..........................................................6

Political and economic foundations of regionalization of public administration ................................................................................................................................. ..6

Conclusion .................................................................................... 9.

List of used literature ..................................................................11

Introduction

In the conditions of the formation and development of market relations, the scientific substantiation of economic and political reforms acquire studies of the socio-economic functioning of individual elements of the territorial system of the country. The science dedicated to the organization of the economic life of the territory in the structure of the National Economy, as well as the territorial and functional aspects of economic relations, is the regional economy.

The regional economy is a way to organize the economic life of the territorial production complex. A regional economy is played especially an important role in scientific understanding and ensuring economic transformations, creating a single economic space in rationalizing interregional relations, forming regional markets.

Modern regional economy is one of the industries of economic knowledge. It is studying the placement of the productive forces, the territorial organization of the economy, patterns, principles, the factors of the placement of productive forces, the natural, economic, social features of the formation and development of the regions of Russia, interdistrict, intraranso and foreign economic relations. All economic activity is carried out on a specific territory, therefore, the features of its resource potential, the structure of the economy and the level of development directly affect the functioning of the entire economic complex of the state. Almost any problem arising in the process of economic reform is related to the impact of regional factors. This circumstance determines the importance of the regional economy in the modern period.

Subject and object of the regional economy

The methodological basis of the regional economy is the theory of placement of productive forces, scientific theories of economic zoning, theoretical aspects of the formation of territorial and industrial and sectoral complexes, targeted federal programs for the development of regions of Russia.

Object of research In the regional economy are socio-economic processes occurring in the country, republics. Regions and other territorial entities. That is, in essence, we are talking about the system of territorial units in their relationship and interaction. There are two approaches to the definition of the territorial system of Russia. The first is to divide the country to administrative-territorial units, the second to economic areas. Consequently, the object of the regional economy is the elements of the administrative-territorial system of the country and the economic areas of all levels: economic areas, enlarged areas, large economic areas, middle-level areas, industrial assemblies, industrial centers, agglomeration, territorial production complexes, free economic zones.

To the subject of research This science includes the study of the spatial aspect of social production. The main components of the research subject include:

analysis of the patterns of the development of all elements of the productive forces and social infrastructure in the territorial context;

prediction of the rational placement of productive forces, taking into account the overall strategy of socio-economic development;

study of intraregional and interregional economic relations;

development of problems of management of socio-economic development of territories.

Subjects of the regional economy There are enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership, including households involved in the regional reproduction process, as well as the population, as the territorial settlement community.

The concept of "region" and "Economic region"

The methodology of the regional economy relies on the basic concepts used by this science. First of all, these are such categories as the "region" and the area. " In economic literature, the sign of equality between these concepts is often raised. Other regionolists believe that these concepts should be divided. For example, I. Arzhenovsky defines the region as "part of the country's territory distinguished in the process (territorial) division of labor, which is characterized by a specialization in the production of certain goods and services, generality and specific nature of the reproduction process; complexity and integrity of the economy; The presence of governing bodies providing solutions to the tasks facing the area "(1). All the subjects of the Federation are listed in determining signs. This opinion is supported by many specialists engaged in the problems of the regional economy.

The content of the concept of "district" implies some other components. So, V. K. Bugaev, Yu. N. Gladky, E. L. Faibusovich give the following definition "Economic district is a territorial socio-economic system. At the same time, possessing a pronounced function in the country's economy and a certain closedness of its economic and social relations, the individuality of the development problems due to the specifics of each regional system "(2).

The authors of another study manual are considering the area "As a specialized part of a single national economic complex of a country with a certain composition of auxiliary and serving industries, ... District specialization must define such industries in which labor costs, products for the production and delivery of products or another consumer will be the smallest" (3 ). Of these definitions, it follows that the main sign of the district is the presence of a pronounced function in the economic complex of the country, in other words, is specialization.

Summarizing the above, you can take the following definitions of the studied concepts:

region is the territory of the subjects of the Federation;

the area (Economic District) is part of the territory of the Russian Federation, which has homogeneous climatic conditions, its market specialization and industries, complementing the economic complex, strong internal economic ties.

Main features of the regions

Among other elements of the territorial system of Russia, the regions, stand out as subjects of the federation, have some common features - the main features of the regions:

unity and integrity;

complexity of the economy;

place in the territorial division of labor;

the presence of administrative controls.

Consider each of these signs in more detail.

Unity and integrity Indicates the presence of stable intraregional production and technological connections, as well as communities of people with certain traditions and lifestyle.

Comprehensive farm It implies a balanced and proportional development of the productive forces of the region.

Place in the territorial division of Truda or specialization means production in the region of certain types of goods and services and the subsequent exchange of them.

Availability administrative bodies It implies controllability associated with administrative-territorial division in Russia.

Taxonomic units

The system in which each area is part of another, larger, and at the same time itself consists of small areas, called taxonomy. Separate elements of such a system are called taxonomic units. A taxonomic organization of economic space follows from a combination of its continuity and discreteness, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the properties of economic areas, as open and at the same time closed systems. The openness of economic districts provides interdistrict exchange, closeness - intra-reproduction.

In the practice of regional economic research and forecasts, other economic and territorial units are also allocated:

economic zones;

enlarged areas within economic zones.

Political and Economic Fundamentals of Regionalization of Public Administration

Economic and territorial units of the Unified Economic System of Russia are distinguished by deep differentiation. The presence in the country of districts with significant natural, economic and social differences is indicated in the regional economy regionalism. This term implies an approach to considering and solving economic, social, political and other problems in terms of the interests and needs of one or another region and is used in relation to such social processes as decentralization of the state and management and targeted activities to form regional political institutions. The formation and functioning of economic and territorial units is carried out under appropriate impact on the part of the authorities of the regional level.

Regional management is a category of objective, determined by the following factors:

public division of labor and production cooperation;

availability of ownership of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

scientific approach to the organization of territorial division of labor and rational placement of production;

the presence of state and management bodies;

an integrated approach to the economic and social development of all political territorial administrative formations of the country;

unlimited possibilities in coordinating the activities of all, regardless of the forms of ownership, objects in the territory;

exceptional powers in the organization of rational, from a state point of view, the use of labor resources, taking into account the rational features affecting the nature of production activities

The political and legal basis for the regionalization of public administration is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as social laws that determine the delineation of the powers between the central and regional government authorities and local government, budget and tax regulation, regional incentive mechanisms, etc.

Legislative consolidation of the regional government authorities to solve economic and social problems, issues of economic and environmental safety gives reason to assume that the role of the authorities in regulating the socio-economic sphere in the regions with outlined administrative boundaries will increase.

Conclusion

The socio-economic development of society is always associated with a certain territory, so the study of spatial problems in its development has the same long history as the history of the Society Sciences. The study of spatial aspects of the development of society is engaged in many sciences, this is geography, demography, and sociology, and ethnography, and even literature, however there are special science, which studies the regions, the patterns of their development and interaction, - regional science Or regionalism.

Regional economy Represents one of the sectors of regional science associated with the economic aspects of spatial development. However, due to the complexity and interdependence of socio-economic processes, as well as a significant impact on the spatial development of non-economic factors determining the behavior of economic agents, the study of a special complex of problems that are the subject of the regional economy, unlike regional science, is not easy.

In this case subject of regional economy There are economic aspects of the spatial differentiation of socio-economic development and the relationship between the territories in the conditions of uneven distribution and limited resource mobility.

Like any other, this definition cannot equally reflect all parties to the phenomenon under study, in particular, such important aspects of the regional economy as the formation of regional policies. However, the very determination of the regional economy as one of the spheres of economic science assumes that it is aimed at solving practical problems, as well as the fact that it includes not only the analysis of problems, but also the production of ways and methods of its permission.

Therefore, in a broad sense, the subject of the regional economy can be defined as a study of these spatial problems, determining the paths and mechanisms of their permission, as well as an assessment of the consequences of the implementation of the proposed decisions.

So, regional economy - It is essentially territorial development economy that pays special attention to the aspects of the economic life associated with space.

List of used literature

Regional studies: Textbook for universities (edited by prof. Morozova.- M., 2008)

Butt V. and .. Ignatov V. G., Ketova N. P. Basics of the Regional Economy: Tutorial - M., 2000.

Piculkin A. V. System of public administration: Textbook for universities - M., 2000

Popov R. Regional Management: Textbook - Krasnodar, 2000

Rosseykina E. L. Regional Economics and Management: Tutorial. Part 1. Voronezh. VSU, 2002.

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