Many people want to have their own country house where you can go on weekends and take a break from urban turmoil. Starting construction is needed from the preparation of the project. However, special attention should be paid to creating a plan of the roof of the building.
Roof Design
Roof projects are currently created using special computer programs. If there is no experience in such a matter, it is recommended to use the services of qualified architects, most of which are able to offer ready-made embodiments of private buildings. The appropriate option should be chosen based on personal preferences.
In the case of self-development plan for the construction of the roof, it is important to know its device, as well as what materials should be applied in a particular case. It is important to figure out what is necessary for every detail of the roof. If there is no knowledge of the roof device, the high-quality project will not be able to make up. The main elements of the roof include the following:
- Grub. The insulation material and roofing is attached to this part. The lamb is attached to the rafter supports.
The bumbly serves as the basis for fixing the insulation and roofing material
- Internal supports. They are set to ensure that the load from the roof can be distributed equally to the entire design of the building.
- Ski run. This detail will be attached rafters. It is a long, often composite, large cross section beam.
The ski run sets the upper border of the roof and forms the joint of two slopes
- Rafters. Form the roof frame and are the base for the root. There may be a weak or hanging type. If you plan to make a project with hanging rafters, then two extreme supports should be used as the basis for them. Elements can work on bending and compression. Hanging rafters are used mainly for mansard buildings. Slinget-type rapid legs should be based on both extreme points of support parts and several internal. Elements can work exclusively on bending.
Slot rafters are mounted in case the house has a capital partition
- Diagonal ligaments. With their help, rafters and Mauerlat are fastened. Also called disclosures.
- Maurylalat. These are special rails that are stacked along the bottom perimeter of the structure. They will rely on the system of rafters. Mounted flush with the wall. Elements should be thoroughly insulated from the wall side.
Maurylalat is stacked by the upper end of the walls and serves as a link between the building frame and the roofing system
- Roofing material. The outer part of the roof, which performs the decorative function and protects the structure from atmospheric influences.
The roofing material is a finish coating, for which the entire roof frame is assembled.
Details are fastened with each other at the expense of small studs, which are called the hershams. In addition, under the rafter legs in some cases, support niches are cut off, which are fastened with wire from steel with a thickness of about 4-6 mm.
To raise the rafters system, you should use high-quality wood. Sometimes it is possible to meet metal structures, however, wood is more affordable material. For the rafter supports, a bar is used from 40x150 mm to 100x250 mm. The selection of the size of the materials will depend on the distance between the supports, the estimated load and the design features of the roof. The cross section of the rafter is determined based on their length.
Table: Parameters of roof materials
Roof shapes
In individual construction there are several roof forms:
- Flat roof. A similar design becomes profitable if an attic room is planned under it, and not a complete attic. It can be warm: as the bias is minimal, it is possible to lay a large amount of insulating material. The roof can be used for buildings of any configuration, even the one in which the scope roof will seem broken and large. Flat roof often make exploited. It can be organized an extension space for recreation. However, the project of such a roof should include a device of a synthetia system, which will prevent the accumulation of snow and ice in large quantities. The design is not popular in Russia, so few companies are able to competently draw up a project of such a roof.
Flat roofs are often made by exploited: they are satisfied with the gardens, greenhouses, resting sites and even parking lots
- Roof with one slope. This design is the easiest way. It will suit buildings with a magnitude of the flight in 6-7 m. The direction of inclination to the north will create the windows of a large width from the southern part of the facade. Subject to the south, it is recommended to arrange solar collectors all over the roof. This type of construction allows for the use of leaf roofing materials of large sizes. The roof with one slope is suitable for both large buildings and small buildings - garage premises or veranda. The project can provide for several designs with a single slide that are combined into a single design and have slopes in different directions. The bias must be small so that there is no need for the construction of walls of too much height.
With a single-table roof device, there is always a compromise: the angle of inclination can not be done too large, so as not to build a very high facial wall, but it should provide free collapse of precipitation
- The roof with two slots. This design is the most popular and affordable. The roof perfectly covers any structure, forming a triangular add-on. Double roof It is recommended to choose if you want to arrange an attic room. Windows, which are placed in the frontows, will be able to ensure the proper level of ventilation and illumination. For the attic room, a modified variation of a gable roof is quite often used - a broken design, which is characterized by a sharp slope of the lower part (70-80 ° in comparison with the upper 28-30 °). This makes it possible to significantly increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe attic. To the roof with two slopes includes a vaulted building, which is performed around the circle. This type of roof is able to decorate the protruding parts of the building.
The bartal roof allows you to equip an attic room.
- Semi-Walled roof. This option is reliable and low-cost financially. Attic can be ventilated and covered with windows in the front. The semi-haired roofs belong to the varieties of construction with two slopes.
In the semi-haul construction of the roof there are frontones, with which the attic may be covered and ventilated
- Walm roof. It has good resistance to winds from the wind. Quite often, similar roof design is used to cover the buildings of a substantial area and improve their appearance. This is a complex product in which hearing and attic windows must be. They provide the necessary level of lighting and ventilation.
In the holm roof must be attended by auditory and attic windows.
- Tent roof. This is the subspecies of the roof of a holm type. It is suitable only for the buildings of a square shape - towers and arbors.
Tent roof suitable for square-shaped buildings
- Walm roof. Combines the useful properties of two systems - broken and holmova. It is advisable to arreed in case it is planned to build a large presentable house. The design is quite difficult to implement. Its main advantages can be attributed to it profitable to dispose of the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe attic and an excellent appearance.
The broken hip roof is suitable for large houses of large sizes.
In the process of drawing up the project, the material from which the roof is manufactured is to be taken into account. At the moment, you can find a lot of roofing varieties:
- iron;
- cement-sand tile;
- slate;
- reed, straw or reed;
- wooden shingle;
- metal tile;
- ruberoid;
- metal profile.
How to determine the bias
The bias of the structure affects the type of roofing material. To simplify the calculation, you can apply a special scheme that makes it possible to choose the roof material on the basis of its slope.
The bias of the roof depends on many factors, including the material for the coating
If the slope is from 0 to 25%, then materials can be applied to the roof overlap. If the angle of inclination is in the range of 12-25%, then the installation of one layer is allowed, for example, material with flashing. On the roofs with a slope less than 28%, laying of asbestos-cement wavy sheets is possible. The most suitable slate. If the angle of inclination is more than 33%, the tile is often used quite often.
When the angle of inclination of the roof and the material for overlapping the structure will be determined, it is required to calculate the height of the skate. For this purpose, a mathematical method is applied: it will take to take the width of the building of the building and divide it on 2. The result is multiplied by the relative indicator, which is taken from the table.
Table: The dependence of the relative indicator from the roof slope
For example, with a width of flight 8 m and a slope of 25 °, the height of the skate will be 8/2 x 0.47 \u003d 1.88 m.
In the process of drawing up a roof project, it is important to consider such rules:
- The estimated wind load is 35 kg / m 2. If the sling sling is greater than 30 °, then the auxiliary design should be equipped in order to increase resistance.
- The estimated snow load will depend on the slope of the skate. If it is less than 60 °, then it will be at least 180 kg / m 3. If the slope is greater, then the load is most often not taken into account.
- To enhance the design, the use of iron elements is allowed. To protect them from moisture, the appearance of rust or condensate, they should be treated with special means.
Roof Design House Large Square
If you plan to build a private house of a large area, it is not recommended to use a single roof. If the desire to make it still have, it is necessary to provide for several single-sided roofs. They will need to be combined and placed under the tilt in different directions. If there is no desire to build high walls, then the roof should not have a large slope.
From the point of view of aesthetics, the best solution is the use of a hollow broken roof. It needs to provide for auditory and mansard windows so that the roof can be ventilated.
Fel is planned to make a holm broken roof, then you should take care of the installation of auditory windows
In such a design, a mansard floor can be made, which will add a useful area with a building. When placing the auditory window, you need to take care of:
- the angle of inclination of the roof was more than 35 °;
- the dimensions of the flaps were in the range from 80x60 to 120x80 cm;
- the superstructure over the opening of the roof was removed from the outer walls for a short distance.
To equip roofing auditory windows, the following facing materials can be used:
- tile;
- copper sheets;
- steel sheets.
In the process of drawing up the roof project, you will need to make a separate drawing of auditory windows. During the creation of the project, such nuances must be taken into account:
- the width of the outline under the such window should be more than half of the width of the attic room;
- supports should be the same thickness as the liners of the roof;
- frame elements should be fixed with steel fasteners.
Video: Draft hearing window on the roof
Project Roof for House Chalet
The styles in the style of the chalet were the first to make residents of settlements in the Alps, but at the moment they can be seen in Western Europe, the USA, Canada and some regions of Russia.
For the house in the style of the chalet, a batch roof is suitable, but it should hang over the walls
A feature of the appearance of the construction of the chalet is the roof, which strongly hangs over the walls. Under the similar shelter, the base, the scene, the basement and the wall of the building will be reliably protected from atmospheric precipitation and sun rays. Roof removal can be done up to 300 cm to ensure the flow of water after the rain from the line of construction. The removal of the roof can also save from dampness in the basement and on the first floor. This will contribute to an increase in the possible period of use of the building.
The roof design of the chalet has large takeaways in the form of visors who can protect against the wind and precipitation of the terrace located along the front part of the construction, or form a useful area, which will also be reliably protected from atmospheric influences.
In winter, such a roof will keep the snow and can provide additional thermal insulation. It is worth noting that at least such a roof visually seems big, it does not make the construction more severe. However, for reliability, consoles should be built on the walls, which will serve as additional supporting details for the sinks of the roof.
This is done as follows:
For a gentle roof, the project should provide a reinforced rafter mechanism, since the rafters will need to withstand a large burden of snow. With a bias of more than 45 °, the snow load can not be taken into account.
Most projects in the style of chalet provide for the presence of a large veranda, which is an advantage for a large family. It is important to remember that the construction of such a house is a cost-proceeding process, but as a result, the structure will not only bring the joy of the family, but also will allocate the status of the owner.
Style designs Chalet have the following features:
- A gentle roof with two slopes, far away visors and substantial skes.
- A large terrace that protrudes beyond the borders of the perimeter of the building and often relies on the columns.
- High base portion made of stone.
- The second floor made of wooden parts.
- Balconies, which are located under the lines of roofs.
There are no special requirements for the interior of such a house, which cannot be said about the appearance. However, projects most often comply with certain standards. The main rule is the use of wood and stone. These natural materials will be able to create an atmosphere of heat and comfort in the rooms. The ceiling and outdoor base are most often constructed from wooden parts. The walls of the lower floor can be plastered, processed by whitewash and decorated with decorative details.
Conductable and complete load calculations will provide an opportunity to get a solid and reliable roof that will meet all the requirements. There are projects of small country houses, which uses the design of the "Chalash" type. The roof in these buildings almost reaches the soil, combining the functions of the walls and roofs. Such buildings have an extraordinary and beautiful appearance.
Program for designing the roof of the house
Calculation of roofs and project development are complex procedures. If there is no experience in performing such works, it is recommended to refer to qualified specialists or use the appropriate software. Today you can find a large number of specialized software, but it is worth understanding which one is most convenient.
Many specialists traditionally produce calculations manually, but it is worth understanding that the result of the calculation of the program on the computer will be more accurate and visual.
If the roof project is drawn up for yourself, it is recommended to use FloorPlan3D. Specialists who are engaged in this activity on a regular basis are more suitable for Arcon and AutoCAD programs.
Video: Development of a project of the roof rafters in the ArchiCAD program
Independent development of the roof project
The work on the preparation of the project is conditionally divided into 3 stages:
- Preparation of sketch. Work is to determine the design of the roof, visualization of the appearance and the choice of material for the coating. It is important to coordinate the main style of the building and roof, after which it is possible to determine the color of the design. This stage is preparatory. All thoughts and ideas must be transferred to paper.
- Development of main design schemes. It will take to make calculations taking into account the intended loads on the roof, and then select the material for the rafter feet and their dimensions. After that, it will be necessary to make the roof drawing, consider the basic details. Next, the estimate is compiled: the required amount of materials is calculated, the list of instruments and materials is prepared, the cost of equipment and work is determined.
- Construction works. The project should be implemented in practice. During this period, it is necessary to carry out auxiliary calculations. They will, as it is quite difficult to consider everything. In the process of performing work, certain adjustments will be made.
A private house on the plan must be divided into rectangles. Inside them, lines are drawn, which denote the pairing of the planes of the skates from the inner and the outside. Next, it is necessary to designate the placement of endands and skates. A part of the parts will be located beyond the boundaries of the outer walls, as the roof should have a sv. The projections of the front and lateral parts should be made taking into account the slope of the skates. They are asked when the project is fully drawn up, as it is important to take into account the purpose and type of structure, as well as the type of material used for the roof.
On the drawing of the roof, you need to designate the exact location of the main parts, as well as specify their size and shape
The graphic part of the project is prepared using computer programs. The plan should be the axis of coordinates. With their help it will be easier to navigate in space. To do this, you will need:
- Cut the line of a private house plan.
- The borders of the capital walls and other line of the project of the building are transferred to the roof drawing.
- Over each rectangle of the building draw the image of the roof, starting from the largest.
- Denote the line projection lines.
- Draw endanda.
The project should necessarily indicate the placement of channels for removal of smoke and ventilation. If it is planned to install mansard windows, they should also be designated on the plan. Lines should determine the slopes of the rods, as well as the direction of the drainage. For all axes and contours of the project, the actual dimensions should be denoted.
Separate items in the project need to include drawings of the connection of the connection of various elements of the roof:
- the joining of the pumps, racks, tightening and other elements;
- fixation of the rafter feet to Mauerlat;
- fastening the skate run, the place of fixation of the rafter legs to each other and to other details.
The schedule of the plan should be a sketch of the roof, which can give a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe roof. This is required primarily to assess aesthetics and appearance.
The sketch of the roof is needed so that it is possible to evaluate its appearance.
If you plan to cut down any elements, they need to be displayed on a separate drawing. It is necessary to designate the shape of the Wag and its actual dimensions.
In the process of independent preparation of the project, it is important to consider such rules:
- The crossing of the races of the skates should form a horse or endand. The corner of the rectangle must be divided into 2 equal parts using the projection of the skates.
- Through two lines that converge or intersect in one place, the third line also passes almost always.
- The line of the skate and the cornese swells must be parallel. The projection of the line of the skate must pass in the midst of the structure.
- The project of a flat design consists of several lines. The roof with several skates has many endandering projections and skates. Such roofs have a complex form, require the preparation of the reinforced system of rafters and a large tilt.
Video: Independent compilation of a roof plan
Calculation of the roof area
At the stage of project preparation, you need to know data on the design area. This is required in order to be able to correctly calculate the amount of roofing material, insulation, fasteners and waterproofing.
Errors that are allowed when drawing up a project
When the plan is designed, a desire arises to begin its implementation. However, it is primarily recommended to consult with experts. If miscalculations are allowed during the preparation of the project, alteration may require a lot of time and finance.
Quite often, designers allow errors that can be divided into 2 types:
- constructive calculations;
- architectural miscalculations.
The latter in most cases are associated with shortcomings in matters of roof elements. If the design is insulated, it is important to pay attention not only to protect the insulating material from moisture ingress, but also in such details as the ventilation system of the cornese swell or the skate.
The normal functioning of such mechanisms is influenced by the auxiliary parts to which attics can be attributed, parapets, etc. If they are incorrectly installed, they can have a negative effect on air fence. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the height of it is purified or refused to install some elements.
Another common error is incorrectly constructed drainage system.
The drainage system can be open or closed, but in any case it is necessary to correctly calculate the cross section of its passing elements.
Quite often applies decorative gutters that have insufficient dimensions. In this case, water can be blown through the edge. This may entail damage to the facade of the structure. Another error is a small bias of the roof. It often often leads to a critical increase in the load on the mechanism of rafters during frosts.
When choosing a material for overlapping a design, it is necessary to consider such recommendations:
- for metal tiles, the allowable inclination angle is from 30 °;
- for professional flooring, the minimum bias is 8 °;
- for slate, the optimal range of angles of inclination is 25-30 °;
- for flexible coating, the allowable slope is 5 ° and more.
The preparation of the roof project should be paid to special attention, as if at least minor miscarriages are allowed, the roof will be fragile. Accordingly, in a short time after the manufacture, it may be necessary to carry out unplanned repair work.
