A large country house is a dream of many families. But that the construction was comfortable for living, it is necessary to provide all necessary communications in it at the design stage. One of them is ventilation.
The adjacent air exchange system in the house will provide:
- admission of oxygen in the room;
- protection of rooms from dampness, appearance of mold, fungus;
- comfortable household and optimal sanitary conditions for human vital activity.
What premises need ventilation
For normal vital activity, a clean oxygen is needed. Therefore, his inflow should be provided in residential rooms, such as bedroom, living room, children's. In constant circulation, service premises in the house (bathroom,) needed. There is often increased humidity, the accumulation of smells that need to withdraw out. The airing of these premises will reduce the formation of dust, dirt, the formation of excessive stuffiness, condensate, the spread of harmful microorganisms, mold.
Ventilation system, methods of organization
There are two main types of air exchange in residential facilities:
- natural (natural);
- mechanical (forced).
Feature of the arrangement and principle of work of natural ventilation of the private house
Natural air exchange in residential buildings is carried out on the basis of the pressure difference inside and outside the house, as well as the impact of wind on the building. How it works?
The temperature in the premises of the house is higher than outside, so oxygen there has a lighter structure. Thanks to this, he rises in the mines and goes to the street. In the room there is a vacuum that contributes to the tightening of fresh flow from the street through the holes in the enclosing structures of the house. The received masses have a heavy structure, therefore are at the bottom of the premises. Under their influence, light warm air is supplanted from the rooms.
The wind accelerates the circulation of air masses. With an increase in the difference in temperature inside and outside the cottage, wind speed, the feed of freshness in the house increases. Previously, its receipts served looting windows, doors, porous walls. But modern insulation systems, as well as plastic windows are designed, so there are no cracks for air supply. In this case, the inflow is carried out through special valves, mounted in the windows, or walls of the building.
The spent oxygen falls into the holes of the vertical ventilation channels of the house located in the kitchen, bathroom, and are output from them. Replenishment fresh occurs due to ventilation (opening of the vents, doors, fraamug).
Advantages and disadvantages of the system
Natural air exchange in the house has the following advantages:
- efficiency. Moving airflows is carried out without the use of additional equipment;
- lack of accidents. The ventilation design is extremely simple, independent of electricity supply, does not require regular maintenance;
- silent work;
- ability to combine with filtering and air conditioning systems.
The main disadvantage of natural ventilation is a weak exchange of air, which leads to the formation of condensate, the accumulation of unpleasant odors, the occurrence of mold, fungus. It threatens not only the gradual destruction of the house, but also the health of people living in it.
The natural ventsy system does not allow to adjust the volume of the removed and supplied to the air room. The recycled flow either does not have time to outdo it, or removed too quickly, providing heat loss in the house. In the summer, when the temperature inside and outside the house is almost the same, the thrust disappears, and the air movement in the system stops. Therefore, natural circulation in the modern construction of houses is practically no applied. It is used in conjunction with the mechanical system.
Forced ventilation - features, varieties
This is an artificially organized system, the movement of oxygen in which is carried out by attracting injection devices (fans, pumps, compressors). It is operated in private, where natural ventilation is not provided or does not work. Advantages of a mechanical organization:
- it works autonomously, regardless of weather conditions (pressure, temperature, wind);
- allows you to prepare the air supplied to a comfortable state (to warm / cool, moisturize / dry, clean).
Disadvantages of forced schemes for mansions:
- considerable costs of the system, the purchase of equipment, payment of electricity;
- the need for regular operational services.
Mechanical air exchange in a private house can be equipped with several ways. Distinguish ventilation:
- supply - provides forced feeding from the outside;
- exhaust - removes the recycled flow from the room by mechanical manner;
- supply-exhaust - influx and feeding in the house are organized artificially.
Supply ventilation in a private house
This system is designed to replace the exhaust air in the house fresh. It consists of:
- air actors;
- heating and cooling devices;
- cleansing filters;
- air supply devices in the room;
- noise absorbing devices.
Through the air valve, clean air falls into the system, it is a certain processing, filtered, and with the help of the fan it is distributed from the room in the house. Finding into rooms, he displaces the spent stream. The served air can additionally be cooled, or heated.
The supply ventilation systems are:
- channel - air circulation is carried out by pipes;
- babeless - the stream is fed to the room through the holes in the walls, windows.
By the method of the device distinguish:
- set ventilation systems consisting of separate units connected by one air duct;
- monoblock - all devices are collected in one compact case.
Introduction installation schemes have such advantages:
- the ability to regulate the temperature and volume of the oxygen supply;
- compact dimensions;
- functionality (there are additional devices for cleaning, heating, cooling the supplied air);
- simplicity of installation, maintenance.
The disadvantages of this type of ventilation can be allocated:
- noise. When working, the system aggregates publish sounds, so it is necessary to provide a silencer, install the equipment away from residential rooms in the house;
- the need for place to install all its elements (when the device type set will be required);
- requirement for regular service.
Exhaust ventilation in a private house
With the arrangement of this system, clean air enters the rooms through windows, doors, special valves, and the spent is displayed using exhaust fans. These instruments are installed in the most problematic sites of the house (in the kitchen, bathroom), they are wall and channel type.
Pros of this installation:
- control of the volume of outlooked air;
- independence on the conditions of the external environment;
- easy installation.
Among the shortcomings of the system:
- no ability to control the amount of air supplied to the house;
- costs for buying equipment, electricity;
- the need for regular service.
Venting with the help of supply-exhaust installations
How to make ventilation in a private house With metal-plastic windows, decorated with modern thermal insulation materials? This requires a high-quality system that allows you to apply fresh and remove the spent air in automatic mode. This problem will solve the supply and exhaust installations.
They provide for the organization of two parallel streams:
- for the output of exhaust air;
- to feed fresh.
These settings allow you to adjust the volume of the output and supplied flows, allowing you to hold the optimal level of humidity in the rooms at home. The main elements of the sub-exhaust system:
- air ducts are intended to supply and output air masses. They form two parallel highways consisting of pipes and shaped products (tees, rotary elements). The air ducts differ in the form (round, rectangular), cross-section area, rigidity (made of aluminum foil, galvanized tin, plastic);
- fan - Provides pressure in the ventilation system required for feeding, air output. It can be installed on the roof of the building, directly in the air duct, or on a special support;
- the air intake lattice - through them the air from the street enters the trimming channel. Also these elements protect the system from foreign objects, rodents, birds, precipitation;
- the air valve - prevents access to the air when it is in the off state. It can work on the electric drive, in automatic mode, as well as to be equipped with an electro-heating, protecting the freezing of sash;
- filters - protect the ventilated premises and the system itself from insects, dust, other small particles. They require regular cleaners (recommended 1 time / month);
- calorifer - heats the air supplied in the cold season. This device is water (suitable for large cottages) and electric (used in small houses);
- noise silencers - prevent the sounds of the sounds from the operating instruments. They are tubular, lamellar, chamber, cellular. Finding into them, the air passes through special obstacles (perforated channels, tubes or plates), as a result of which its intensity is reduced. Installing the noisemaker is not always required. Sometimes to reduce the intensity of sounds in the system, it suffices to reduce the speed of installation, ensure sound insulation of the fans;
- fences and air distributors. The first serve to flow into the system, the second - for its uniform dispersion on the room. These elements are represented in the form of lattices and diffusers round, rectangular shape. They are mounted on the walls, or the ceiling of the room;
- control system. It can be mechanical (represented by the switch), or automatic (the work is regulated by the remote control). Its main elements - thermal and hydrostates, pressure gauges;
- the security system is represented by a set of additional devices that protect ventilation elements from overheating, voltage jumps.
The advanced model of the supply and exhaust ventilation is a recovery type system. It provides efficient circulation in the house without heat loss. This fifty is equipped with a recuperator, which allows to reduce the cost of heating air coming from the street. The supply masses are heated due to heat of recycled flows, discharged from the house. This is the most efficient and energy-efficient way to organize an air exchange in residential buildings, although the most cost.
Gas ventilation in a private house
The presence in the house of gas devices places increased requirements for the arrangement of circulation in the premises. Violation of thrust can cause poisoning combustion products.
For normal operation of gas installations requires oxygen. If it is missing, the air indoors is discharged. As a result, the inverse thrust arises, and instead of chimney, combustion products fall into the surrounding space. They can cause malaise, strong headaches, loss of consciousness by man and even a complete stop of breathing.
Requirements for ventinging gas boiler
Air exchange indoor with a natural gas heating device must be organized according to the following technical requirements:
- one chimney accounts for no more than two gas units;
- the combustion products should flow into the chimney from different levels (from a distance of over 50 cm). With a single-level feed in the channel, the dissection of a similar height is mounted;
- in order to prevent the leakage of soot and carbon monoxide into the premises of the house, the ventilation system of the boiler should be sealed. The processing of joints and seams is carried out by material resistant to high temperatures;
- all elements of the exchange system must have thermal insulation to prevent fire.
The ventilation of the boiler is constructed at the rate: air outflow \u003d air exchange x 3.
Air supply \u003d outflow + oxygen volume necessary for burning process.
Methods of venting gas boiler
Air exchange indoors where gas equipment is placed, can be organized with:
- natural and mechanical ventilation based on traction. Natural circulation - the result of the pressure drop inside the house and on the street. With mechanical ventilation, the thrust forms a fan;
- supply, exhaust, or combined ventilation system, organized by intended purpose. The air filed to the room is forcibly pressed on the spent stream, pushing it out. Also, oxygen can be supplied to the boiler room naturally, and is displayed mechanical. Organize the air ventilation in automatic mode will allow a combined (supply-exhaust system) that effectively working with any weather, since the feed and removal in it is mechanically carried out;
- babeless, or channel (depending on the constructive solution of the cottage). In the first case, the boiler room connects with the help of holes with another room, from where the spent stream is output to the air duct. In the second case, a complex pipe system is laid, providing exchange in all rooms at home.
Tip: To improve the natural ventilation of the gas boiler room, it is better to additionally install an exhaust fan that will ensure the movement of the air masses in the absence of traction.
The heating devices of the closed type, working on natural gas, are equipped with a cox (double) ventkala. According to its inner tube, the combustion products are derived, and the external - fresh air is supplied to the burner.
If the house has a gas boiler with an open-type combustion chamber, follows:
- install the pipe for the output of carbon monoxide into the street;
- equip the overall air exchange system indoors;
- adjust the supply of oxygen to the boiler.
Note: Oxygen can enter the room from the street through the gaps and gaps in the windows and doors. If the room closes hermetically, it will take to organize the supply of fresh air with a compulsory way.
Proper ventilation in a private house
Organization of oxygen exchange will provide a favorable microclimate in the house, the health of its inhabitants and the preservation of the design itself. How to equip it right?
Norms and rules for venting at home
To create optimal conditions for human life in residential and service premises, it is necessary that 60 m 3 oxygen (at least 20 m 3) have been received in each of them (minimum 20 m 3). Comfortable air humidity is 50%, and the rate of its exchange is 0.5 m / s.
You can achieve this by properly designing the system. At the same time, the rate of air exchange for premises of various purposes should be taken into account. For the bathroom, this indicator is 50m 3, a total bathroom - 25 m 3, kitchens - 90 m 3. Not only service, but also residential rooms, utility rooms should be ventilated. To form a calculation hood, you need to summarize the air exchange rates of each compartment of the house. It is desirable that the real ventilation exceeds the minimum standards.
Designing the air exchange system in the house
Development of a home ventilation project includes:
- selection of equipment;
- drawing up a circuit wiring of communications, taking into account architectural, construction, sanitary, economic criteria.
The purpose of these works is the development of a system that can cope with the supply and conclusion of air, within the framework of the calculated volume calculated for the house. The project should not only ensure uninterrupted air ventilation, but also free access to all design elements (nodes, cameras). This is necessary for quick troubleshooting and regular service.
So that the circulation worked well, it is important to carefully choose all the equipment. It should serve as long as possible. The devices used should not spoil the architecture of the house, so they are better to provide them with a hidden way.
When designing the ventilation of the cottage, it is important that the system corresponds to sanitary and epidemiological standards. It should not only cope with the supply / removal of air masses, but also work as silent as possible. Do not forget about the system efficiency. But the desire to reduce the costs of its installation should not be displayed on the quality of installation. The main design task is to develop an optimal version of the house ventilation, taking into account all the above criteria.
Drawing up the project by the Contractor begins with the formation of technical design. All criteria for which the ventilation system should be laid, the wishes of the customer must be laid.
Calculation of ventilation in a private house
The operation of the system depends on whether the volume of the air supplied and derived the conditions of the house corresponds. This can be calculated using special formulas. The basis of the house is taken as the basis, which indicates the purpose and the area of \u200b\u200beach room.
First, the multiplicity of air exchange is calculated - an indicator defining how many times in 1 hour the air is completely changed in the room. For most residential premises, it can be one-time, for kitchens, bathrooms, boiler rooms - 2-3-fold. It is also necessary to take into account people living in the house.
The multiplicity of air exchange is calculated by the formula: L. (Supply installation performance, m3 / h) \u003d n.(rate of multiplicity for a certain room) * V.(room volume).
The calculation of the air exchange, given the number of people living in the house, is carried out by the formula: L. = N.(number of residents) * L.(Air intended for one person - norm). When performing physical exertion, one individual requires an air update - 30m 3 / h, in a calm state - 20 m 3 / h.
Consider: Calculating the air exchange across the multiplicity and number of tenants, focus more from these values.
Choosing equipment
The criteria for which the main installation settings are selected:
- power, performance;
- operating pressure;
- the level of the noise published.
The speed of movement on the mains directly depends on their cross section, as well as the power of the fan. But it should also be taken into account that the air ducts have a certain resistance, which reduces the performance of the supply installation.
Note: The performance of the ventilation system of the cottage must be within 1000-3000 m 3 / h.
At the stage of development of a feasibility study, the type, number and power of the system elements is determined, its preliminary cost is drawn up, optimization adjustments are made. After that, a working draft is compiled, based on the high-precision calculations of the air exchange, highlighting the heat of a particular home. Instruments and air distributors are selected in it.
Frequent House Ventilation Scheme
The network for air distribution consists of pipes, shaped products (rotary elements, splitters, adapters), distributing devices (diffusers, lattices). At its basis, you can determine:
- the operating pressure of the fan - it depends on the technical parameters of the unit, type and diameter of the air ducts, the number of rotary and connecting elements used by air distributors. The longer the highway and more on it different connectors, turns, adapters, the greater pressure should create a fan;
- the speed of movement of air masses - depends on the diameter of the highways. For residential buildings it is 2.5-4 m / s;
- noise level - depends on the section of highways and the speed of movement on them. The quiet work of the ventsystem will provide a pipe of large diameter. If there is no possibility to establish them, the mains are used in the section 160-250 mm, equipped with 20x20 distribution grids, or 20x30 cm.
According to the Interstate Standard (GOST 21.602-2003), all elements of the ventilation system should be displayed on the diagram. They are indicated by certain characters and subscribe.
To be comfortable and safe for a person, it is necessary to organize its ventilation. This will not only provide a favorable microclimate, but also will prolong the operational period of the structure itself. There are several types of arrangement of air exchange indoors. The choice of a specific system depends on the area, the design features of the house, the number of people living in it, budget. That she worked effectively, its planning and installation is better to entrust professionals with experience in this area.
