Attempts to deal with medieval weight systems Meet the same obstacles as any other studies in the field of metrology of this period of history.
Late Rimsky lb. (327.5 g) with all sorts of local variations for a long time remained the basis of both the weight and monetary system in early reforteline Europe. With Carle, Great Pound fell up to 367-491. Caroling pound was divided into 20 solids by 12 denaries in each. Subsequently, the solid was called shillings, and Denariums - Penny, Pfenetnings, Penning (in Scandinavia), a day (in France), Danara (in Italy).
Mark. It appeared for the first time in the IX century. in Scandinavia. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Scandinavian brand shared on 8 ere, moreover, the weight of the era is satisfied is easy to install thanks to the girks found in the burials. It turned out to be equal to the Roman ounce (27.3 g). Ere shared on 3 ertugaEach of which was subdivided depending on the terrain by 10, 12, 16 or 20 pfenenigs. So, the ancient Scandinavian brand was 218.3 g. In such a form, it spread across Europe.
The main component german brand became lot - 1/16 its weight. Lots begin to be mentioned in the sources from the middle of the XII century. At the same time, for example, in Spaire XIII century. A stamp according to the Roman pound was divided into 12 components, each of which was called ounce (although it was significantly easier than Roman ounces). In other cities of Germany, the same components were called shillings and could be quite in the spirit of Caroling tradition to share for another 12 denary.
A sample of traditional in the preservation of medieval weight measurement systems is England. In the history of England, two weight systems are noticeable, followed by names, respectively averdyupuz and troy.
At the heart of Avergoo and three systems, there are pounds: weighing 453.59 g, consisting of 16 ounces, and weighing 373.2 g, consisting of 12 ounces. The pound "Troy" was used mainly for weighing precious stones, metals, drugs, etc. "Averdyupuz" - ancient English weight, was used very widely, primarily in trade.
It is also worth saying about that with the help of which tools weighing in the Middle Ages.
Throughout the Middle Ages, two main types of scales were used. First - ordinary librawith two places equal in weight and equal deposits, as a rule, with an arrow. The second type of weights is shootlessnesswho have a rocker shoulders are not the same. The cargo suspended on the short shoulder, and the weights were moved along the long. The weight was calculated depending on what distance from the axis of rotation of the geiry-counterweight balancing the cargo. There were bellows different designsBut they all had a low measurement accuracy. With a small snarling in circulation, the warman allowed the merchant completely brazenly deceiving the buyer.
Measures volume (loose and liquid bodies) in Europe for a long time were a primitive bark or wooden "lukashki", wrapped stone "stupes", metal "troughs".
Perhaps the most famous measurement system born in the Middle Ages is English, based on Bushele and Gallon. In the "Treatise on Lights and Measures" (1303) it is said: "With the consent of the whole kingdom, the royal measure was made so that English sterlingwhich weighs 32 wheat grains dried in the middle of the year, taken 20 times, gives ounceand 12 oz make up lb., and 8 pounds make up gallon" Further clarifies that 8 gallons are constituted bushel, and 8 bushels - quartzer.
In medieval Western Europe there were many special, specific measures and systems of calculations used in a strictly defined area. So, let's say, the weight of precious stones and partly metals was measured in karats..
Meadows were not measured in morghines or acres, but in stacksYou can put on such a meadow.
Many peculiar measures and weights caused the need for wholesale trade. It is clear that the large parties of the fabric were extremely inconvenient to break the elbows or feet. The merchants found a way out. First, they introduced the so-called " large elbow"Equal in length 10 ordinary elbows; Secondly, the packaging of the goods itself became a measure of the length. Stamp supplier by kipa (bale) guaranteed that inside contains a strictly defined number of elbows of the tissue. Accordingly, the account was no longer on the elbow, but on the pins
Large shipping goods in the whole northern trading region were measured in lastah. The word "LAST" is probably ancient English origin and means "cargo". The last turned out to be a unit of capacity, weight or piece measure, depending on what they were measured. So, Last Grain in England was 80 bushels, Last Feather was 1700 pounds (771.1 kg), "Last Herring" meant 12 thousand pieces. In the eastern part of the Baltic, it seems that the principle has been maintained more consistently that the last is composed of a dozen of any major parties. Let's say during the carriage of salt, ash, the village of Last meant 12 "ordinary" barrels. For vegetable oil Last meant 12 "double" barrels. For goods measured by weight, the last was 12 berkovtsev.
Berkhenz (Ship Pound) was widely used in the entire Baltic region, perhaps already with the X century. The name of this unit is associated with the shopping center of the tag in Scandinavia. Berkchets, as a rule, was obtained from 400 pounds taken to use in a particular city. In Livonia, used for wholesale trade cape and livonian pound. The latter was considered equal to 1/20 part of Berkovs, that is, approximately 8.2 kg. Eight Livon pounds were ae.
Such units of large weight occurred and spread everywhere where trading purchased great scope. On the Mediterranean Sea one of the most famous Genoese kantaro Grosso (about 52.3 kg), on the land trading paths, a cargo on the "carts" or "carts" was considered very often. In England, for example, the weight of the "war" was assumed to be approximately 2 thousand pounds, that is, about 600 kg.
Very often considered stits, mostly dozens and dozen, and "hundred" at all necessarily marked 100 items. There were "hundreds", composed of dozen dozens (120), and even "big hundred" from a dozen hundred (1200)
Nevertheless, it is difficult to find a country in Europe where it would be possible to achieve before the turn of the XVIII and XIX centuries. (i.e. before the emergence of the metric system) of metrological uniformity. Even in England, the country is relatively small in the area, in which a strong monarchy has developed early, where there are so much effort to standardize measures, the successes in this area are very modest.
European trade has experienced, naturally, significant inconvenience from all of this unbarrous variety of measures and scales. Nevertheless, she found ways to fully adapt to this variety, which remained until the XIX century. Over time, constant proportions were established between measures and the weights of cities and countries that were in lively trading relations. "Own" measures could be cooked to the measures of the "senior partner" if not to complete identity, then at least so that the translation from one system to another happened easily and simply. Again-based cities often received their measures and weights along with urban law from one of the old and authoritative cities, and then crossed it not only in court issues, but also in matrology issues. Cities exchanged rates of measures and scales among themselves. At the largest fairs, there were samples of all sorts of feet and elbows, weights and measures belonging to close and distant countries, cities and townships with special brands of their owners confirming the identity of these measures.
With the help of reference books and on the basis of merchant practices it was easy to find out, 100 pounds in Nuremberg was 95 Prague pounds ..
24.revneurussian measures. To study the metrology of ancient Russian state, monuments of writing and material culture are used. Among the written sources should be called "Russian truth", the ancient Russian chronicles, descriptions of travel, compositions of foreign authors.
Measures of length. To specify the smallest length measurements in Ancient Russia We used the span. The word "PIDE" indicates the brush of his hands and happened from the root of "five". The span is the distance between elongated big and index fingers. In use were the plates of 19 cm and at 22 (23) see
Under the assumption of B. Rybakov, there was another span, which was called the span "with Kuwark". The span "with Kuvarka" was determined by adding another two or three two-thumb joints to the low mefy. In the first case, a 27 cm span was obtained, in the second case - at 31 cm.
The elbow belongs to the number of the most ancient measures of the length used in different nations. The elbow was called the distance from the end of the stretched middle finger or a compressed fist to the elbow bend. The elbow size ranged from 38 to 54 cm. The elbow at 38 cm was equal to two small spans and was used in the Moscow-Vladimir system of measures, elbow in 44 (46) cm - two great spans and was used in the Novgorod-Pskov system.
In the documents of the Old Russian state period, the mention of the plantation is as far as the extent. There were several shipping options. There is a simple (straight) soot equal to 152 cm. It corresponds to the distance between the scope of the elongated hands of a person from thumb One hand to the thumb else. With a sequential separation of the plant in 152 cm 4 and 8, an elbow of 38 cm was obtained and a 19 cm span.
In addition to the simple plant, on the basis of these architectural monuments, it can be assumed about the existence of a plantal, equal to 176 cm. This sagen was called dimensional, or Machova and was determined by the wretch of the hands of a person from the end of the fingers and to the end of the fingers. With a sequential separation of the plant in 176 cm 4 and 8, the elbow was obtained in 44 cm and the span at 22 cm.
The biggest of all the saplex was oblique sage. The skeleton was called a sage, equal to 216 cm. It was determined by the distance from the fingers to the fingertips of the stretched arm to the diagonal. Also, the brazen soot could be called the largest of all sages - the soot of 248 cm.
In addition to the spans, elbows and sources, sources contain instructions on larger units of measurement that could be used to determine the distances: this is a verst, or field. This unit of length was approximately 750 seedlings (1.07 km).
Along with more or less accurate definitions of distances in sources, descriptive expressions are found: "Stone Weight", "Restrained", "Day of the Path". S. Kuznetsov finds it possible to count the distance determined by the "stone verses", equal to 20 seats, i.e. about 42.5 m on average.
Based on the practice of peoples that still used onions and arrows, it is believed that an arrow, powered by a strong hand, can fly up to 100-105 m. For shooting, the target is considered a normal distance of 50-55 m. On average, "Restricted" can be recognized as equal to 60 -70 m.
Sometimes the distance was determined by the days of the path. This value is uncertain. The path of the path can hardly give a distance of more than 25 km, the day of the equestrian way is 50-75 km.
Square measures.
The land was measured by villages and plows. The question of whether the village of Plow or is not equal, remains open. There is an assumption that the size of the plow must be determined at 8 tents, and the village is 16 tents.
For hayous land, "Harvest" measures are widely used - shocks.
During the feudal fragmentation of Russia as the area of \u200b\u200bSquare, "Soka", "Joine" and "Corns" were used. But it is not possible to establish their exact size. It is only known that Soka was equal to 30 obsess, and the block is 1 tenth (1.09 hectares).
Measures of bulk tel. The ancient measure of bulk bodies used by ancient Russia was a quality. Rada shared, on the system of two, two bars, by four quarters, for eight oxmine.
In "Russian Pravda", such measures of bulk bodies, like cleaning and lucno, are also mentioned. Accurate amount cleaning is not known.
As for Lucna, according to D. Pronovorsky Lucno, there were 60 pounds of oats, that is, about 24-25 kg. Measures of liquid tel. Another type of capacity measures are the measures of liquids. In the sources of the period of the ancient Russian state there are references to the bucket. For example, in the "Russian truth" is determined by the Virnich's feed, and it is indicated that he is supposed to be 7 buckets of malt for a week.
It is found in the chronicles and barrel as a measure of liquid bodies. Some researchers believe that it was equal to 40 verts, respectively, 492 liters, others say that it was equal to 10 buckets.
A variety of business vessels used in everyday life: Burdyuki, Korchagi, nozzles, ears, cobes, endanders.
Weight measure. IN literary sources The following weight measures are mentioned by ancient Russia: Berkhets, Pood, Grieving, Grivertka and Spool.
The most ancient measure was hryvnia. Half of the hryvnia had the name of the housing. One hryvnia contained 96 spools. The spool was 4.266. In the 13th century, even smaller units were appeared - the kidney (1/4 of the spool) and the cake (1/4 of the kidney).
Larger weight measures were Berkhets, Poud and Cap. Pood was 4 hryvnians, Berkhets - 10 pushes, and the cap 4 puts.
25. Measures on and speech compulculated. Since the centralization, the formation of a unified measurement system was observed in the system of measures, which contributed to the expansion of trade relations and folding the single market.
On the territory of Belarus, a certain system of length measures were used.
Tsala (from the German phalanx of the finger) was the smallest unit of length and was 1/12 of the foot, i.e. 27 mm.
The foot was equal to the foot of the foot and was 32.4 cm.
The elbow was equal to 64.96 cm, which corresponded to 24 tsala. Half elbow was equal to line - 32.48 cm.
The plant was used mainly by Riga Makhov - 188,125 cm. It should be noted that the plant was officially fixed only in 1766 and was equal to 3 elbows or 72 kolas (194.8 cm).
Such a measure of length, like chasing (Gon) - the distance traveled by the hard-hardened horse in one way to turn - was used in everyday life. It was chasing approximately 80-100 meters.
As a unit of length in ON, a flock was used (from Greek. Stadium), equal to about 80 m.
Mustra and Mile - the largest units of distance measurement. There were 2 verst - small (798 seedlings or 1554.6 m) and a large (1000 sison or 1948.2 m). In ON, a mile was used. It consisted of 5 miles and was 7.777 km.
Some measures have been used both as long-term measures, and as areas of the area. These include rods and cord. So, Prut (PRENT) in ON began to be applied from 16 V. (In connection with the carrying out of the carcase) and was 4.87 m. The cord usually consisted of 10 rods and was 48.7 m.
As a unit of an area, a square rod was equal to 100 square twists and, respectively, 23.72 square meters. m., and a square cord is 100 square rods.
In addition to the above-mentioned in Belarus, the Morg, Volok, cut and Lan is used as measures.
The hair was equal to 30 morgue or 90 square cords or 9000 square rods and was 21.36 hectares. In accordance with the agrarian reform of 1557. The Volok was supposed to consist of three equal fields (cut) of 10 mats each, which corresponded to the three-field agriculture system. In one morge there were 0.71 hectares. With the poor quality of the Earth, the size of the wolves could reach up to 46 mats. Lan is the largest unit of area in incl, equal to 3 wolies.
The main measure of bulk and liquid substances in ON was the Vilna Barrel. It consisted of 6 medical devices, 12 cups, 36 buckets, 72 large gararts, 144 Small Garnitsa, 576 quarts and was 406.7 liters.
4 times less than the Vilenskaya barrel was a king ("quarter"), equal to about 102 m.
There were also measures that were used to measure certain substances. For example, antalt was used to measure the wine, for measuring beer - var, honey - wolder, lubony or deck, vegetable oil - glek.
As for the units of mass, Berkhenian (74,964 kg) was the largest. It was 5 stones and 200 pounds. There was a lot of foreign weight units, which is explained by the broad trade relations of the state. Such a unit was, for example, alert (6-10 pounds). Pood consisted of 40-50 pounds. Lot was 1/32 part of the pound or 11.71
26. Measures of Belarus at the end of the 18th - early 20th century. After the joining of Belarusian lands to Russia, the Russian measures began to spread on the territory of our state.
Back in 16-17 centuries. In Russia, uniform measures were identified for the entire state, but in the 18th century. Due to the rapid economic DevelopmentThe intensification of foreign trade faces the accuracy of measurements and creating measurements of measures.
Under Pavel I decree of April 29, 1797 "On the establishment everywhere in Russian Empire Large scales, peteed and bread measures have begun a lot of work on streamlining measures and scales.
In 1827, the Commission was organized "for a resolution at the constant basis of the Russian measures and scales systems", which created unified state standards. They were legalized by decree of 1835 "On the system of Russian measures and scales".
Measures of length.
Versta \u003d 500 sage \u003d 1,0668 km.
Sashen \u003d 3 ARSHIN \u003d 7 feet \u003d 213.36 cm.
Arshin \u003d 4 quarters \u003d 16 vertices \u003d 28 inches \u003d 71.12 cm.
Quarter \u003d 4 top \u003d 17.77 cm.
Tips \u003d 4.44 cm.
Foot \u003d 12 inches \u003d 30.48 cm.
Inch \u003d 10 lines \u003d 2.54 cm.
Line \u003d 10 points \u003d 2.54 mm.
Point \u003d 0.254 mm.
Square measures.
1 square vest \u003d 1,13806 square meters. km.
1 tire \u003d 1,09254 hectares.
1 square Arshin \u003d 0.505805 sq. M. m.
1 square foot \u003d 0.092903 square meters. m.
Measures of bulk bodies.
Quarter \u003d 8 chimeters \u003d 2,0991 hectoliters
Chetverik \u003d 8 Garnings \u003d 26,239 liters.
Receive \u003d 13,119 liters.
Garnet \u003d 3,279 liters.
Measures of liquid tel.
Barrel \u003d 40 buckets \u003d 4 decters \u003d 4,9196 hectolitra.
TAMP \u003d 10 buckets \u003d 1,229 hectolitra.
Bucket \u003d 12,299 liters.
Shtof \u003d 2 bottles \u003d 1,2299 l.
Bottle \u003d 2 Forties \u003d 0.6149 l.
Society \u003d 2.5 acres (charm) \u003d 0.3047 l.
Weaving (charca) \u003d 2 scale \u003d 0.123 liters.
Label \u003d 0.0615 liters.
Weight measure.
Berkovalets \u003d 10 pounds \u003d 163.9 kg.
Pood \u003d 40 pounds \u003d 16.38 kg.
Pound \u003d 32 lot \u003d 96 spools \u003d 409,512
Lot \u003d 3 spool \u003d 12,797
Spool \u003d 96 fractions \u003d 4,02657
27 . Creation and introduction of a metric measures in Belarus. For a long time, people in different countries The world used each weight weight and length. The multiplicity of these measures was made to confusion into international trade relations and braked the development of industry. Therefore, it was decided to create a unified system for all countries.
Such a system was developed in the second half of the XVIII century. The French Academy of Sciences, where the length unit was called the meter, and the system itself is metric. For the unit of the square, AR (square 10 × 10 meters) was taken, per unit of mass - grams, per unit capacity - liter.
At the proposal of the Commission from the largest French scientists (J. Borda, J. Kondors, P. Laplas, Monzh) as a unit of the length of the meter adopted one-millionth share of the quarters of the Paris Geographic Meridian. This decision was due to the desire, put the basis of a new system of measures easily reproducible "natural" unit length.
On April 7, 1795, the Law on the introduction of a metric system of measures was adopted by the National France Convention. Later, platinum meter prototypes and kilograms were made. In 1799, both prototypes were approved and transferred to storage in the National Archive of France.
The metric system of measures from the very beginning was conceived as international, so its units did not coincide with any national. Also, its decades were also an important advantage of this system, since the dolly and multiple units were formed in accordance with the decimal score with the help of decimal faults, which correspond to the consoles of the Decy, Santi, Milli, Deca, Hekto and Kila.
In 1875, the metric system was truly internationally in 1875, when 17 countries, including Russia, signed a metric convention in which a metric system of measures was recognized as an international, and the prototypes of the meter and a kilogram for all countries were approved. The metric measures was allowed to be applied in Russia (optional) by law of June 4, 1899, the project of which was developed by DI Mendeleev, and was introduced as a mandatory decree of the SNK RSFSR on September 14, 1918, and for the USSR SCS of the USSR dated July 21, 1925.
In subsequent years, due to the development of science, technology and international relations, whole line private systems (derived from metric). Therefore, in 1960, on the basis of a metric system system, a single, coverage of all areas of measurements was created and approved, standard - "International Units (SI)". Currently, C has already been adopted as a mandatory or preferred many countries. System C includes seven major units and their derivatives in decimal ratios. The main unit of the SI length is a meter, a mass - kilogram, time - second, electric current - amp, thermodynamic temperature - Celvin, the forces of light - candela, the amount of matter - mol.
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Historically, many weights of the weight were multiple the standard - mass of grain (seed) of various plants: wheat, barley, some legumes, rice, millet, mustard, some cacti (in America).
Metric system
Gram - was originally determined as the mass of 1 cm³ of water at a temperature of 4 ° C and a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Currently, gram is defined as 1/1000 kilograms. A kilogram in the international system of units (C) is defined as a mass of a reference kilogram stored in the chamber of measures and weights near Paris. The prototype kilogram is made of platinumiridium alloy (Pt 90%, IR 10%) in the form of cylindrical weights with a diameter and a height of 39 mm. The old definition had the following disadvantages:
1. The definition of Pascal depends on the definition of a kilogram, thus, the definition was recursive.
2. The definition of Pascal depends on the determination of the meter and second, thus, inaccuracy in measuring the length and time led to inaccurate measurement of the mass.
Currently:
Ton - 10 6 (1,000,000) grams, or 1000 kilograms.
Centner - 10 5 (100,000) grams, or 100 kilograms.
Carat - 0.2 grams.
Units of mass in science
Atomic unit of mass (A.E.m., Daltline) \u003d 1,660,538,921 (73) · 10 -27 kg \u003d 1,660,538,921 (73) · 10 -24 g (in chemistry of high molecular compounds and biochemistry, multiple kilodalton units are also used, Megadalton).
Solar mass M ☉ \u003d 1.988 92 (25) · 10 30 kg.
Electronic content, 1 eV \u003d 1.782 661 845 (39) · 10 -36 kg; Also are also used (kiloelectronevolt, keV; megaelectronvolt, MeV, gigaelectronvolt, GeV; Teraelectronvolt, TEV) and Dolly (Millihalectronvolt, MeV) units.
Electron Mass M E \u003d 9,109 382 91 (40) · 10 -31 kg.
The proton mass M p \u003d 1,672 621 777 (74) · 10 -27 kg.
Planck unit Mass M Pl \u003d 2,176 51 (13) · 10 -8 kg.
American system
Stone - 14 pounds, or 6,35029318 kg
pound - 453,59237 g (accurate and official value)
Once - 1/16 pound, or 1/224 Stone, or 28,349523125
Drachma (unit of measurement of mass, usa) - 1/16 oz, or 1/256 pound, or 1/3584 Stone, or 1,7718451953125
Gran - 1/98000 Stone, or 1/7000 pound, or 1/437.5 oz, or 1 / 27,34375 drachmas, or 64,79891 mg
Short ton \u003d 20 short Handredweights \u003d 2000 pounds \u003d 0.90718474 t
Short Handredweight \u003d 100 pounds \u003d 45,359237 kg
British pharmacy system
Troy pound (unit unit), or pharmacy pound \u003d 373,2417216 grams
Troyan oz \u003d 1/12 Troy pound, or 31,1034768 grams
Drachma (unit of measurement of mass, United Kingdom) \u003d 1/8 Troy Oz, or 1/96 Troy Pound, or 3,8879346 grams
Scrupul \u003d 1/3 drachma, or 1/288 Troy pound, or 1,2959782 grams
Grand \u003d 1/20 scrupul, or 0.06479891
Russian system of mer.
Berkhets \u003d 164 kilograms
PUD \u003d 1/10 BERKRETS \u003d 40 pounds \u003d 1280 lots \u003d 3840 spools \u003d 368,640,640,6,3804815 kg
Pound \u003d 409,5120375 grams
Lot \u003d 1/32 pound \u003d 3 spools \u003d 288 shame \u003d 12,797 251 191 395 300 grams
Spool \u003d 1/96 pound \u003d 4,26575417
Share \u003d 1/96 spool \u003d 44,435 milligrams
European mass measures
Asa - Germany, Holland \u003d 0.048063
English ton (or long) \u003d 1,016 t
Mark is a unit of silver or gold in medieval Western Europe, approximately equal to 8 Troy oz (249 g). Later, the brand began to be used as a monetary unit in England, Scotland, Germany and Scandinavian countries.
Tod - England \u003d 12 trading pounds \u003d 5,44310844 kg
Ferkin - England \u003d 56 pounds \u003d 25,40117272 kg or \u003d 64 pounds \u003d 29,02991168 kg
Handredweight - England \u003d 112 trading pounds \u003d 50,80234544 kg
Hogshead - England \u003d 1000 pounds \u003d 453.6 kg
Antique masses
Drain \u003d 1/3000 Persian talent \u003d 8.64 g
Drachma \u003d 1/100 mines \u003d 6 Obolov \u003d 3.9 g
Mina \u003d 390 g
Obol \u003d 650 mg
Talent \u003d 25.92 kg
Hulk \u003d 81.25 mg
Shekel \u003d 14 g
Mass Mass in Southeast Asia
Ancient European measure mass
Mae \u003d 2.28 kg
Arab Measure Mass
Measures Weight
In the metric system of measures per unit of mass, the mass of one liter of distilled water was taken at the temperature of its greatest density (it is about 4 ° C). This value is calledkilogram mass. . Thousandth share kilogram calledgram , a thousandth share of grams ismilligram .
These words you, of course, are familiar, just like wordscentner and ton . We only note that these words are significantly older than those values \u200b\u200bthat they denote. In the word, the gram was called a small unit of weight in ancient Greece. The centner called the trade measure weight, which for a long time was in the go throughout Northern Europe (the word it comes from Latincentenarius. - containing one hundred units). The word ton comes fromtuna. - So on medieval Latin was called barrel. In Denmark and Sweden, so, in addition, the units of measuring land plots were called. Tons were measured mainly by the amount of grain, and you already probably can yourself guess how land and grain tons are connected.
line-Height: 150%; Font-Family: Tahoma; Color: Black "\u003e compare, and therefore, and measure the weight of various items, a person accounted for the earliest steps of civilization. Therefore, the units of weight measurement also appeared in unsumenerable antiquity. The earliest Weight measures, like other measures taken from everyday life And, of course, were very approximate.
Very often, the unit was taken by a cargo that a person or an animal was taken.
For example, ancient Chinese Mera Weight tribute (about 60 kg) originally meantcargo that can carry one person. This word is translated as "Nosha", "burden" or "knitting". Similar measure was in Japan.
Icelandic measure hestech (about 100 kg) - weight that can transport horse(This word is so translated - a horse). Namepersian measures harmar translated as "bind of one donkey", And its value is about 300 kg.
But the name is one moreancient Chinese Measures translated as "full handful" - this is about 890. Another, too, very ancient Chinese weight meljin. (about 600 g) originally equalweight metal from which you can make a bronze ax.
In addition, verymany weight measures got their name from various tanks. . So, in India Used measure weightgony (about 60 kg), its name is translated as "double bag. And the name old english measure keel (about 21 t) meansflat-door coal ship.
All weights weighing about which we have so far are rather large and inaccurate, many of them arose in the deepest antiquity. But as the human society develops, when crafts and trade occur,there is a need for smaller and, most importantly, more accurate weight measures. .
People have long noticed that the size and weight of individual grains of the same plants differ very little from each other. And if you compare not one grain with another, but, let's say, five grains with other five grains of the same plants, then the differences will be even less. therefore the size and weight of the grain very often became the basis for units of measurement . For this, of course, the grains of the culture were chosen, which was grown by these people.
line-Height: 150%; Font-Family: Tahoma; Color: Black "\u003e for example, in southern Italy from XIII century known measureachino (from Latin wordacino. - grape bone), its value is 44.5 mg.Indian Measure Weight dhan (0.0312 g) originally equalweight of two rice grains, the word it in Hindi means "grieving rice grain". Namepersian measures nude (0.193 g) translated as "pea ".
Many of you probably heard the wordcarat - The word is coming from the Greek namethe pod of the hodgepiece, the seeds of which in many countries served as a measure of weight. Now this measure is usually used for weighing precious stones. The current value of carat is 0.2 g.
color: # 333399 "\u003e In ancient times, many units of weight are simultaneously used as a monetary units. Before the real coins began to coincide, silver chips or gold bars were used as money. Therefore, the same money was called the same word as a measure. Weight.
For the first time such a system of weight measures and monetary units originally arosein Babylon . The largest unit of weight wastalent (word it means "Libra").Like many other units, talent existed in two versions:talent Heavy and talent Lightweight , light talent was two times lighter than heavy.
The sixtieth part of the talent ismine . Sixtieth part of heavy mines -sikl ( sigl, Shekel ) weighed about 16.8 g and was simultaneously the weight, and the main monetary unit.
The Babylonian measures took over the residents of neighboring states - Syria and Phenicia, and from there they fell into ancient Greece.
In ancient Rome about a renewable unit of weight waslibrary (from Latin wordlibra. - scales), its weight is equal to 327.45. Sometimes the same magnitude was calledaC .
Libra shared at 12 ounce (from LatinuNCIA - the twelfth part) .. gif "width \u003d" 16 "height \u003d" 43 src \u003d "\u003e. gif" width \u003d "25 height \u003d 43" height \u003d "43"\u003e part of the oz. All of them had special names, for example, Line-Height: 150%; Font-Family: Tahoma; Color: Red "\u003e Scrupul (from Latin wordscrupulus. - little sharp pebbles).
From the Roman Liber, there were units of weight in almost all European countries. Just called it became different -lb. (from Latin wordpondus. - weight, severity). Before the introduction of a metric system of measures, the pound was the main unit in almost all countries of Europe. But as always, his values \u200b\u200bin different countries were different. And often in one country, two (or even more!) Different pounds were used at the same time.
As in other countries,in Russia, there was also a great many diverse weights.
font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-face: tahoma; color: black "\u003e in chronicles, starting with XII century are mentionedcaps, Berkovts and pooh . Mention a little later quartet full, hryvnia, hryvnia, kidney, spool, heartless and anzyr (or lb).
Berkovts First used only for wax, and then as a trading weight measure for any goods. Called this wordlarge wicker from the rod basket (It was usually carried by shoulders as a modern backpack).
In the shopping bookXVII The century is recorded: "Berkhenka 10 Pood, a quarter of the voltage 12 Pood, Anzyr weighs the floor three humerens and 8 spools, and in total in Anzir 128 spools, and the current Anzyr weighs the pound of 96 spools, in a pound one big humeren and two small, in the spool 25 kidney, chance weighs the half of the pound, 5 small humeren, 240 spools; In the puddle of the champions 16, the humeren of large pounds 40. "
And there were such measures asbarrel and flipper . Barrel was equal to 6 plows, and the last was 12 barrels.
In fact, the values \u200b\u200bof all these measures have changed over time, and could well be different in different parts countries. The system of measures, one for the whole state was introduced only in 1845. The basic unit of weight was chosen pound, which was determined with great accuracy.
Thus, the pound value was set to 409,51241 grams. For more minor units, the pound was divided by 96 spools or 32lota . The spool was divided into even smaller units -solo. , 96 stakes in the spool.
According to the materials of the editions of the "Library" Kangaroo "(the authors of which are among the organizers of the same name of the International Mathematical Competition-Game).
